Overgewaaid uit de VS begint in Nederland spoken word ook steeds meer vaste voet aan de grond te krijgen. Dichter en onderzoeker Anne Braakman legde zijn oor te luister in de spoken word-scene en beschrijft in dit artikel zijn bevindingen. Hij zag dat drie waarden centraal staan: expressie, community en (maatschappelijke) beïnvloeding. Dit artikel gaat over spoken word. In de spoken word-scene dragen mensen – die zichzelf afwisselend aanduiden als woordkunstenaar, spoken word-artiest, dichter, poëet, schrijver, performer, schrijvende performer of performende schrijver – gedichten voor aan een publiek. Soms is hier muzikale begeleiding bij, maar doorgaans niet. De gedichten zijn geschreven ‘om (vooral) gehoord te worden’ (Van der Starre, 2019, p. 1). Er is groeiende academische aandacht voor spoken word. Vooral in de Engelstalige literatuur, die vaak gaat over de situatie in de Verenigde Staten, bestaan bijvoorbeeld studies over slam poetry (Somers-Willett, 2005) en over spoken word in educatieve contexten als scholen, buurthuizen of volwassenenonderwijs (Merriweather, 2011; Williams, 2015; Fisher, 2003). Soms wordt het besproken als critical pedagogy in de context van rap en hiphop (Biggs-El, 2012) of als alternatieve en kritische kennisbron voor de dominante cultuur (Fisher, 2003; Chepp, 2012). Er lijkt echter relatief weinig aandacht te zijn voor spoken word als op zich staand fenomeen. Ook is er in de literatuur geen eenstemmige definitie of een afbakening van het genre, en is er evenmin onderzoek over (het relatieve belang van) de verschillende historische wortels. In Nederland bestaat zo goed als geen academische literatuur over spoken word. Aan het voordragen van poëzie wordt wel aandacht besteed (Dera, 2014; Franssen, 2012), maar spoken word is nog amper zichtbaar. Van der Starre (2021) besteedt in haar proefschrift over wat gedichten betekenen voor mensen in het voorbijgaan aandacht aan spoken word, vooral in relatie tot het literaire establishment. In een eerdere publicatie (Van der Starre, 2017) besteedt ze aandacht aan slam poetry en performance.Dit artikel beschrijft een (auto-)etnografisch geïnspireerde exploratieve casestudie naar de Nederlandse spoken word-scene en maakt daarmee een begin met het vullen van de kennislacune. Centrale onderzoeksvraag in dit artikel luidt: Wat is de waarde van participatie voor de beoefenaars van spoken word? Om die waarde te onderzoeken richt ik me uitgebreid op het tweede compartiment uit het in de inleiding van dit themanummer besproken model van Bisschop Boele. Daarnaast besteed ik en passant ook aandacht aan de andere drie compartimenten. Zo begin ik met korte beschrijvingen van twee spoken word-bijeenkomsten, gebaseerd op mijn veldwerkaantekeningen: een bewust gefragmenteerde versie van een thick description (compartiment 1uit het model). Ik vul deze eerste blik op de scene aan met een beknopte beschrijving van de geschiedenis en de maatschappelijke situering (compartiment 4) van het genre. Vervolgens beschrijf ik de gekozen theoretische achtergronden en de methodologie en de bevindingen van mijn onderzoek. De teksten in kaders zijn mijn eigen poëtische reflecties tijdens mijn onderzoek.
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The colour-word Stroop task and the picture-word interference task (PWI) have been used extensively to study the functional processes underlying spoken word production. One of the consistent behavioural effects in both tasks is the Stroop-like effect: The reaction time (RT) is longer on incongruent trials than on congruent trials. The effect in the Stroop task is usually linked to word planning, whereas the effect in the PWI task is associated with either word planning or perceptual encoding. To adjudicate between the word planning and perceptual encoding accounts of the effect in PWI, we conducted an EEG experiment consisting of three tasks: a standard colour-word Stroop task (three colours), a standard PWI task (39 pictures), and a Stroop-like version of the PWI task (three pictures). Participants overtly named the colours and pictures while their EEG was recorded. A Stroop-like effect in RTs was observed in all three tasks. ERPs at centro-parietal sensors started to deflect negatively for incongruent relative to congruent stimuli around 350 ms after stimulus onset for the Stroop, Stroop-like PWI, and the Standard PWI tasks: an N400 effect. No early differences were found in the PWI tasks. The onset of the Stroop-like effect at about 350 ms in all three tasks links the effect to word planning rather than perceptual encoding, which has been estimated in the literature to be finished around 200-250 ms after stimulus onset. We conclude that the Stroop-like effect arises during word planning in both Stroop and PWI.
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Differences in the oscillatory EEG dynamics of reading open class (OC) and closed class (CC) words have previously been found (Bastiaansen et al., 2005) and are thought to reflect differences in lexical-semantic content between these word classes. In particu-lar, the theta-band (4-7 Hz) seems to play a prominent role in lexical-semantic retrieval. We tested whether this theta effect is robust in an older population of subjects. Additionally, we examined how the context of a word can modulate the oscillatory dynamics underly-ing retrieval for the two different classes of words. Older participants (mean age 55) read words presented in either syntactically correct sentences or in a scrambled order ("scram-bled sentence") while their EEG was recorded. We performed time-frequency analysis to examine how power varied based on the context or class of the word. We observed larger power decreases in the alpha (8-12 Hz) band between 200-700 ms for the OC compared to CC words, but this was true only for the scrambled sentence context. We did not observe differences in theta power between these conditions. Context exerted an effect on the alpha and low beta (13-18 Hz) bands between 0 and 700 ms. These results suggest that the previously observed word class effects on theta power changes in a younger participant sample do not seem to be a robust effect in this older population. Though this is an indi-rect comparison between studies, it may suggest the existence of aging effects on word retrieval dynamics for different populations. Additionally, the interaction between word class and context suggests that word retrieval mechanisms interact with sentence-level comprehension mechanisms in the alpha-band.
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Publicatie bij de rede van Femke Kaulingfreks, uitgesproken bij de aanvaarding van de functie van lector aan Hogeschool Inholland in Amsterdam op 21 mei 2019.
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Accumulating evidence suggests that spoken word production requires different amounts of top-down control depending on the prevailing circumstances. For example, during Stroop-like tasks, the interference in response time (RT) is typically larger following congruent trials than following incongruent trials. This effect is called the Gratton effect, and has been taken to reflect top-down control adjustments based on the previous trial type. Such control adjustments have been studied extensively in Stroop and Eriksen flanker tasks (mostly using manual responses), but not in the picture–word interference (PWI) task, which is a workhorse of language production research. In one of the few studies of the Gratton effect in PWI, Van Maanen and Van Rijn (2010) examined the effect in picture naming RTs during dual-task performance. Based on PWI effect differences between dual-task conditions, they argued that the functional locus of the PWI effect differs between post-congruent trials (i.e., locus in perceptual and conceptual encoding) and post-incongruent trials (i.e., locus in word planning). However, the dual-task procedure may have contaminated the results. We therefore performed an electroencephalography (EEG) study on the Gratton effect in a regular PWI task. We observed a PWI effect in the RTs, in the N400 component of the event-related brain potentials, and in the midfrontal theta power, regardless of the previous trial type. Moreover, the RTs, N400, and theta power reflected the Gratton effect. These results provide evidence that the PWI effect arises at the word planning stage following both congruent and incongruent trials, while the amount of top-down control changes depending on the previous trial type.
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In Luganda, the widest spoken minority language in East African country Uganda, the word for photographs is Ebifananyi. However, ebifananyi does not, contrary to the etymology of the word photographs, relate to light writings. Ebifananyi instead means things that look like something else. Ebifananyi are likenesses.My research project explores the historical context of this particular conceptualisation of photographs as well as its consequences for present day visual culture in Uganda. It also discusses my artistic practice as research method, which led to the digitisation of numerous collections of photographs which were previously unavailable to the public. This resulted in eight books and in exhibitions that took place in Uganda and in Europe.The research was conducted in collaboration with both human and non-human actors. These actors included photographs, their owners, Ugandan picture makers as well as visitors to the exhibitions that were organised in Uganda and Western Europe. This methodology led to insights into differences in the production and uses of, and into meanings given to, photographs in both Ugandan and Dutch contexts.Understanding differences between ebifananyi and photographs shapes the communication about photographs between Luganda and English speakers. Reflection on the conceptualisations languages offer for objects and for sensible aspects of the surrounding world will help prevent misunderstandings in communication in general.
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Teaching history requires clear, detailed and subject specific language. History teachers teaching in a second language are confronted with students' second language limitations, which likely have an aggravating impact on their application of pedagogical content knowledge (PCK). We analysed and compared 12 Dutch spoken and 12 English spoken paired history lessons in junior grades 7 and 9. Contrary to our expectation, we found a strong similarity of the teachers’ PCK application in both grades 7 and 9, irrespective of the used language. The PCK application in both grades and languages was of average quality, while the PCK used in grade 9 was more advanced.
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An emerging body of research indicates that active arts engagement can enhance older adults’ health and experienced well‐being, but scientific evidence is still fragmented. There is a research gap in understanding arts engagement grounded in a multidimensional conceptualization of the value of health and well‐being from older participants’ perspectives. This Dutch nation‐wide study aimed to explore the broader value of arts engagement on older people’s perceived health and well‐being in 18 participatory arts‐based projects (dance, music, singing, theater, visual arts, video, and spoken word) for community‐dwelling older adults and those living in long term care facilities. In this study, we followed a participatory design with narrative‐ and arts‐based inquiry. We gathered micro‐narratives from older people and their (in)formal caregivers (n = 470). The findings demonstrate that arts engagement, according to participants, resulted in (1) positive feelings, (2) personal and artistic growth, and (3) increased meaningful social interactions. This study concludes that art‐based practices promote older people’s experienced well‐being and increase the quality of life of older people. This study emphasizes the intrinsic value of arts engagement and has implications for research and evaluation of arts engagement.
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From the introduction: "There are two variants of fronto-temporal dementia: a behavioral variant (behavioral FTD, bvFTD, Neary et al. (1998)), which causes changes in behavior and personality but leaves syntax, phonology and semantics relatively intact, and a variant that causes impairments in the language processing system (Primary Progessive Aphasia, PPA (Gorno-Tempini et al., 2004). PPA can be subdivided into subtypes fluent (fluent but empty speech, comprehension of word meaning is affected / `semantic dementia') and non-fluent (agrammatism, hesitant or labored speech, word finding problems). Some identify logopenic aphasia as a FTD-variant: fluent aphasia with anomia but intact object recognition and underlying word meaning."
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