Het klimaat verandert. Het wordt natter en heter. Nederland moet zich aanpassen aan het veranderende klimaat. Daarom staan de gemeenten voor de uitdaging om er vanaf 2020 voor te zorgen dat een (her)inrichting van een straat of wijk klimaatbestendig is.Voor wateroverlast en waterveiligheid weten we ongeveer hoe dat moet. Voor hitte is eigenlijk nog niet duidelijk wat er moet gebeuren. En dat is zorgelijk, want hitte kan grote problemen geven. Hitte kan leiden tot extra sterfte en zal het leven in de stad bovendien steeds vaker onaangenaam maken. Duidelijk is dat er aandacht nodig is op het sociale vlak (o.a. in de zorg), voor gebouwen (koele binnenruimtes) en voor de buitenruimte. Dit rapport richt zich op dat laatste: op het hittebestendig inrichten van de buitenruimte, omdat daar nog veel kennis ontbreekt.
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Since it is insufficiently clear to urban planners in the Netherlands to what extent design measures can reduce heat stress and which urban spaces are most comfortable, this study evaluates the impact of shading, urban water, and urban green on the thermal comfort of urban spaces during hot summer afternoons. The methods used include field surveys, meteorological measurements, and assessment of the PET (physiological equivalent temperature). In total, 21 locations in Amsterdam (shaded and sunny locations in parks, streets, squares, and near water bodies) were investigated. Measurements show a reduction in PET of 12 to 22 °C in spaces shaded by trees and buildings compared to sunlit areas, while water bodies and grass reduce the PET up to 4 °C maximum compared to impervious areas. Differences in air temperature between the locations are generally small and it is concluded that shading, water and grass reduce the air temperature by roughly 1 °C. The surveys (n = 1928) indicate that especially shaded areas are perceived cooler and more comfortable than sunlit locations, whereas urban spaces near water or green spaces (grass) were not perceived as cooler or thermally more comfortable. The results of this study highlight the importance of shading in urban design to reduce heat stress. The paper also discusses the differences between meteorological observations and field surveys for planning and designing cool and comfortable urban spaces. Meteorological measurements provide measurable quantities which are especially useful for setting or meeting target values or guidelines in reducing urban heat in practice.
Thermal comfort -the state of mind, which expresses satisfaction with the thermal environment- is an important aspect of the building design process as modern man spends most of the day indoors. This paper reviews the developments in indoor thermal comfort research and practice since the second half of the 1990s, and groups these developments around two main themes; (i) thermal comfort models and standards, and (ii) advances in computerization. Within the first theme, the PMV-model (Predicted Mean Vote), created by Fanger in the late 1960s is discussed in the light of the emergence of models of adaptive thermal comfort. The adaptive models are based on adaptive opportunities of occupants and are related to options of personal control of the indoor climate and psychology and performance. Both models have been considered in the latest round of thermal comfort standard revisions. The second theme focuses on the ever increasing role played by computerization in thermal comfort research and practice, including sophisticated multi-segmental modeling and building performance simulation, transient thermal conditions and interactions, thermal manikins.
