In spite of renewed attention for practices in tourism studies, the analysis of practices is often isolated from theories of practice. This theoretical paper identifies the main strands of practice theory and their relevance and application to tourism research, and develops a new approach to applying practice theory in the study of tourism participation. We propose a conceptual model of tourism practices based on the work of Collins (2004), which emphasises the role of rituals in generating emotional responses. This integrated approach can focus on individuals interacting in groups, as well as explaining why people join and leave specific practices. Charting the shifting of individuals between practices could help to illuminate the dynamics and complexity of tourism systems.
In this paper we position sustainable tourism of the Wadden. The aim is to clarify the complex issues at stake and therewith provide a framework for future actions and policies.
The debate on tourism in cities, both academically and in practice, has for a long time taken place in relative isolation from urban studies. Tourism is mostly addressed as an external agent and economic force that puts pressure on cities rather than as an interdependent part of city systems. The recent debate on city touristification and excessive dependence on the visitor economy, as well as the associated processes of exclusion, and displacement of local city users, serves to highlight how tourism is an integral part of urban developments. A wider urban perspective is needed to understand the processes underlying the tourism phenomena and more transdisciplinary perspectives are required to analyze the urban (tourism) practices. The current article seeks to contribute to such a perspective through a discussion of the literature on urban and tourism studies, and related fields such as gentrification, mobilities, and touristification. Based on this, theoretical reflections are provided regarding a more integral perspective to tourism and urban development in order to engage with a transversal urban tourism research agenda.
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Het postdoc-onderzoek Building Adaptive Tourism Areas beoogt om een bijdrage te leveren aan het vergroten van de adaptiviteit van toeristische bestemmingen. Adaptiviteit is een essentiële eigenschap in de huidige dynamische netwerk samenleving en globaliserende economie. Toeristisch-recreatieve bestemming moeten meebewegen met zaken als toenemende concurrentie en professionalisering, veranderend consumentengedrag, nieuwe technologieën die nieuwe kansen en uitdagingen met zich mee brengen, de maatschappelijke roep om duurzaamheid, kortere levenscycli van concepten, de vraag om bestemmingen in balans als gevolg van ‘overtourism’ en zo meer. In dit onderzoek nemen we het perspectief dat bestemmingen complexe, open systemen zijn die de potentie hebben om adaptief te zijn. Complexe systemen omdat een veelheid aan actoren en factoren de ontwikkelingsrichting van bestemmingen beïnvloeden. Open systemen omdat vele invloeden van buitenaf komen die op vrijwel autonome wijze ontwikkelingsrichtingen van bestemmingen beïnvloeden. Adaptiviteit is het vermogen om mee te bewegen met dergelijke dynamiek door middel van series van stapsgewijze aanpassingen. Het onderzoek Building Adaptive Tourism Areas focust specifiek op het beter begrijpen van wat de ambitie van het vergroten van het adaptieve vermogen in de praktijk betekent. De studie bestaat uit drie stappen: 1.) duiden van “key conditions” voor adaptiviteit: de elementen die noodzakelijk zijn voor adaptief vermogen, en deze vertalen naar de context van het toerisme; 2.) identificeren van ‘traps’: condities voor adaptiviteit komen met implicaties en daarmee samenhangende praktische beperkingen 3.) uiteenzetten van ‘practicable strategies: acties die helpen om te bouwen aan adaptieve bestemmingen. De output van het project zijn diverse artikelen en academische journals en professionele tijdschriften. De bevindingen worden (direct) ingebracht in de opleidingen van de Academy of Leisure & Tourism van NHL Stenden Hogeschool en verder ontplooid binnen het European Tourism Futures Institute (ETFI – www.etfi.eu).
Client: Foundation Innovation Alliance (SIA - Stichting Innovatie Alliantie) with funding from the ministry of Education, Culture and Science (OCW) Funder: RAAK (Regional Attention and Action for Knowledge circulation) The RAAK scheme is managed by the Foundation Innovation Alliance (SIA - Stichting Innovatie Alliantie) with funding from the ministry of Education, Culture and Science (OCW). Early 2013 the Centre for Sustainable Tourism and Transport started work on the RAAK-MKB project ‘Carbon management for tour operators’ (CARMATOP). Besides NHTV, eleven Dutch SME tour operators, ANVR, HZ University of Applied Sciences, Climate Neutral Group and ECEAT initially joined this 2-year project. The consortium was later extended with IT-partner iBuildings and five more tour operators. The project goal of CARMATOP was to develop and test new knowledge about the measurement of tour package carbon footprints and translate this into a simple application which allows tour operators to integrate carbon management into their daily operations. By doing this Dutch tour operators are international frontrunners.Why address the carbon footprint of tour packages?Global tourism contribution to man-made CO2 emissions is around 5%, and all scenarios point towards rapid growth of tourism emissions, whereas a reverse development is required in order to prevent climate change exceeding ‘acceptable’ boundaries. Tour packages have a high long-haul and aviation content, and the increase of this type of travel is a major factor in tourism emission growth. Dutch tour operators recognise their responsibility, and feel the need to engage in carbon management.What is Carbon management?Carbon management is the strategic management of emissions in one’s business. This is becoming more important for businesses, also in tourism, because of several economical, societal and political developments. For tour operators some of the most important factors asking for action are increasing energy costs, international aviation policy, pressure from society to become greener, increasing demand for green trips, and the wish to obtain a green image and become a frontrunner among consumers and colleagues in doing so.NetworkProject management was in the hands of the Centre for Sustainable Tourism and Transport (CSTT) of NHTV Breda University of Applied Sciences. CSTT has 10 years’ experience in measuring tourism emissions and developing strategies to mitigate emissions, and enjoys an international reputation in this field. The ICT Associate Professorship of HZ University of Applied Sciences has longstanding expertise in linking varying databases of different organisations. Its key role in CARMATOP was to create the semantic wiki for the carbon calculator, which links touroperator input with all necessary databases on carbon emissions. Web developer ibuildings created the Graphical User Interface; the front end of the semantic wiki. ANVR, the Dutch Association of Travel Agents and Tour operators, represents 180 tour operators and 1500 retail agencies in the Netherlands, and requires all its members to meet a minimum of sustainable practices through a number of criteria. ANVR’s role was in dissemination, networking and ensuring CARMATOP products will last. Climate Neutral Group’s experience with sustainable entrepreneurship and knowledge about carbon footprint (mitigation), and ECEAT’s broad sustainable tourism network, provided further essential inputs for CARMATOP. Finally, most of the eleven tour operators are sustainable tourism frontrunners in the Netherlands, and are the driving forces behind this project.
The recently established BUas Research & Graduate School has been set up to facilitate and coordinate both in-domain and cross-domain research projects. One of its ambitions is to connect our expertise on Digital Realities (DR) with our other research domains. This will give all domains a better position to contribute to the European ambition to create “a Europe fit for the digital age”. Additionally, the project will enable the SPRONG group DIGIREAL-XL to strengthen its visibility and reputation on a European level. Connecting with the European VR/AR Coalition will be an important step to achieve this goal, in combination with activities for extending our European network for DR applications. Key deliverable will be a grant proposal for the new European VR/AR-Lab, in which we combine our DR expertise with our specialized knowledge in other domains (e.g. entertainment, culture, tourism and education). The ultimate goal is to establish a more coherent and focused research portfolio, and reach a better position to contribute to a greener, more digital and more resilient Europe.