Over the past decade, the Institute of Network Cultures has led several applied research projects about new (digital) publishing models: the Hybrid Publishing Toolkit, Urgent Publishing and Going Hybrid. Time and again, publishers, designers, coders, authors, and readers bring up the same problem: the ‘book publishing industry’ fails to fulfill the promise of a rich multi-media reading experience in the digital era. Many digital tools for publishing experiments remain marginal, while traditional publishers and big tech platforms shy away from new formats. Audio and video integration — technically possible for a good three decades — is all but absent. Book sales keep decreasing. Young people read less and less, both online and offline. All in all, it becomes increasingly harder to sustain indy and experimental publishing practices while the regressive gap between so-called real paper books and the ‘virtual’ social media swiping keeps growing. Gutenberg the Second, where are you now that we need you?
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At the end of the 20th century, hacking was bleeding edge. When the ideas, practices and pranks of this experimental niche of technophiles attracted the attention of a handful of activists in Italy, they understood that information and communication were what would give shape and voice to social, political, and cultural processes in the near future.+KAOS is a cut and paste of interviews, like a documentary film transposed on paper. It describes the peculiar relationship between hacktivism and activism, in Italy and beyond, highlighting the importance of maintaining digital infrastructures. While this may not sound as glamorous as sneaking into a server and leaking data, it is a fundamental topic: not even the most emblematic group of hacktivists can operate without the services of radical server collectives.
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Financial constraints and risk taking are two well-established determinants of firm performance, however, no research analyzes how these variables are connected in the context of a high risk environment. Using data from microfinance clients in Tanzania, we derive a novel financial constraints measure and incorporate a psychometric risk taking scale. Results confirm the importance of access to finance and risk attitudes for business development. Also, we provide preliminary evidence for an interaction between financial constraints and risk taking. Financial constraints “throw sand in the wheels” and protect risk taking entrepreneurs from the negative impact of risk taking on microenterprise performance.
