Purpose: Literature detailing the effectiveness of school-based physical activity promotion in- terventions in prevocational adolescents was reviewed to identify effective intervention characteristics.Methods: The search strategy assessed studies against inclusion criteria study design, study population, school setting, language, and construct. The risk of bias of the included studies was assessed, and extractions were made of the physical activity (PA) level outcome measures and intervention characteristics regarding organizational, social, and content features. A meta-analysis was conducted to determine the overall effect of the interventions on the PA level. Identification of effective intervention characteristics was done by subgroup analyses. Meta-regression analysis was performed with PA level as dependent variable and intervention characteristics as covariates. Results: A total of 40 eligible studies was included for meta-analyses. Among the included studies, the overall intervention effect on increasing the PA level of prevocational adolescents was weak (standardized mean difference [SMD] .19, 95% confidence interval [CI] .12e.27). Intervention characteristics that improve the effect size to a moderate level were intracurricular PA (SMD .43, 95% CI .19e.68), involving school staff in an intracurricular intervention (SMD .37, 95% CI .16e.58) and a tailored intracurricular intervention (SMD .35, 95% CI .13e.58). Meta-regression analysis confirmed PA as a positive predictor.Conclusions: The effect of a school-based PA intervention was small to moderate. A sensible choice in the assembly of a multicomponent school-based PA intervention increases the effectiveness considerably. Physical education teachers, school administrators, and policy makers should consider organizational (intracurriculum, short and medium duration), personal (tailoring, participation), social (school staff) and content (PA) determinants.
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BACKGROUND: Previous research indicates the start of primary school (4-5-year-old) as an essential period for the development of children's physical activity (PA) patterns, as from this point, the age-related decline of PA is most often observed. During this period, young children are exposed to a wider variety of environmental- and social contexts and therefore their PA is influenced by more diverse factors. However, in order to understand children's daily PA patterns and identify relevant opportunities for PA promotion, it is important to further unravel in which (social) contexts throughout the day, PA of young children takes place.METHODS: We included a cross-national sample of 21 primary schools from the Startvaardig study. In total, 248 children provided valid accelerometer and global positioning (GPS) data. Geospatial analyses were conducted to quantify PA in (social) environments based on their school and home. Transport-related PA was evaluated using GPS speed-algorithms. PA was analysed at different environments, time-periods and for week- and weekend days separately.RESULTS: Children accumulated an average of 60 min of moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA), both during week- and weekend days. Schools contributed to approximately half of daily MVPA during weekdays. During weekends, environments within 100 m from home were important, as well as locations outside the home-school neighbourhood. Pedestrian trips contributed to almost half of the daily MVPA.CONCLUSIONS: We identified several social contexts relevant for children's daily MVPA. Schools have the potential to significantly contribute to young children's PA patterns and are therefore encouraged to systematically evaluate and implement parts of the school-system that stimulate PA and potentially also learning processes. Pedestrian trips also have substantial contribution to daily MVPA of young children, which highlights the importance of daily active transport in school- and parental routines.
InleidingVoor duursporters is een goede balans van belasting en herstel van groot belang voor hun prestaties. Hierbij gaat het niet alleen om fysieke belasting en herstel, zoals training en rust, maar ook om psychosociale belasting en herstel. Omdat er nog weinig bekend is over het psychosociale deel is het doel van deze studie om uit te zoeken hoe deze relatie tussen veranderingen in psychosociale belasting, herstel en prestatie-indicatoren bij duursporters eruit ziet. MethodeTwee jaar lang zijn psychosociale belasting, herstel en prestatie-indicatoren onderzocht van 115 duursporters. De sporters hebben in die periode dagelijks een trainingslogboek bijgehouden. Wekelijks tot 3-wekelijks hebben zij een belasting en herstelvragenlijst ingevuld (RESTQ-sport) en elke 6 tot 7 weken hebben zij een submaximale prestatietest gedaan. Gedurende deze periode is er bij de hardlopers een negatieve levensgebeurtenis (NLG) voorgekomen. De analyses van deze gegevens zijn tweeledig. Eerst is met behulp van multilevel-analyses uitgezocht wat de relatie is tussen psychosociale belasting, herstel en prestatie-indicatoren. Daarna is met ANOVA’s en T-tests uitgezocht wat de invloed is van een NLG op psychosociale belasting, herstel en prestatie-indicatoren. ResultatenDe analyses lieten zien dat een verbetering in psychosociale belasting en herstel bijdraagt aan een verbetering in prestatie-indicatoren. Bovendien bleek dat een NLG een negatieve invloed heeft op psychosociale belasting en herstel in de week van de gebeurtenis en 1 week daarna. Daarnaast blijkt dat de loopeconomie (prestatie-indicator) van hardlopers 3 weken na een NLG is verminderd.ConclusiesVeranderingen in psychosociale belasting en herstel zijn gerelateerd aan veranderingen in prestatie-indicatoren van duursporters. Daarbij verstoort een NLG de mate van psychosociale belasting en herstel en heeft het ook invloed op prestatie-indicatoren. Make it countCoaches kunnen psychosociale belasting en herstel monitoren om inzicht te krijgen in belastbaarheid van sporters. Hierdoor kunnen trainingsprogramma’s op het individu aangepast worden om uiteindelijk prestaties te verbeteren.
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