Tijdens de rede behandelt Gerard Schepers een aantal actuele ontwikkelingen in de windenergie wereld omdat deze ontwikkelingen de randvoorwaarden bepalen waarbinnen het lectoraat opereert. Vervolgens wordt een aantal speerpunten gedefinieerd waar het lectoraat zich mee bezig houdt. Ook houdt het lectoraat zich bezig met de Human Capital Agenda waarvoor op verzoek van het Topconsortium voor Kennis en Innovatie (TKI) Wind op Zee, een plan van aanpak is gedefinieerd. Tijdens de rede wordt het feit dat windenergie gewoon een leuk en interessant vak is, zeker niet onberoerd gelaten!
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Bij het onderzoek naar mogelijke effecten van een windmolenpark in het IJsselmeer is ETFI uitgegaan van de vele onderzoeken die er inmiddels, in Nederland maar ook internationaal, bestaan. Op deze manier zijn conclusies en oordelen, zowel geïnspireerd door voorvechters van windenergie als van tegenstanders, zowel bij geplande als bij reeds aangelegde windmolenparken, geïnventariseerd. De conclusie van dit literatuuronderzoek luidt dat de studies onvoldoende bewijs leveren, zowel voor het ontstaan van schade aan de toeristische sector als voor het ontbreken van die schade. Dit onderzoek moet dan ook niet gelezen worden als een aanbeveling vóór of tegen windmolenparken. De waarde van het onderzoek is dat het de publiek toegankelijke studies uit binnen en buitenland met betrekking tot de relatie tussen windparken en toerisme bijeen brengt en systematisch analyseert. Zodoende brengt het de risico’s en mogelijkheden beter in beeld zodat in alle scenario’s —met of zonder windmolens— afwegingen gemaakt kunnen worden waarin alle belangen gerespecteerd worden.
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Vlak voor het slapen gaan borrelen mijn gedachten nog even op. Het klimaatprobleem vereist snelle actie. Parijs stelt zware eisen. Geen woorden, maar daden. En het schiet niet erg op. Oké, de overheid heeft met miljarden subsidies een flink aantal windturbines laten plaatsen. Maar vorig jaar steeg onze CO2-emissie met 5%. En het vliegverkeer op Schiphol groeit in 2016 met 10%. Erg weinig mensen lijken zich daar zorgen over te maken.
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Citizen participation in local renewable energy projects is often promoted as many suppose it to be a panacea for the difficulties that are involved in the energy transition process. Quite evidently, it is not; there is a wide variety of visions, ideologies and interests related to an ‘energy transition’. Such a variety is actually a precondition for a stakeholder participation process, as stakeholder participation only makes sense if there is ‘something at stake’. Conflicting viewpoints, interests and debates are the essence of participation. The success of stakeholder participation implies that these differences are acknowledged, and discussed, and that this has created mutual understanding among stakeholders. It does not necessarily create ‘acceptance’. Renewable energy projects often give rise to local conflict. The successful implementation of local renewable energy systems depends on the support of the local social fabric. While at one hand decisions to construct wind turbines in specific regions trigger local resistance, the opposite also occurs! Solar parks sometimes create a similar variation: Various communities try to prevent the construction of solar parks in their vicinity, while other communities proudly present their parks. Altogether, local renewable energy initiatives create a rather chaotic picture, if regarded from the perspective of government planning. However, if we regard the successes, it appears the top down initiatives are most successful in areas with a weak social fabric, like industrial areas, or rather recently reclaimed land. Deeply rooted communities, virtually only have successful renewable energy projects that are more or less bottom up initiatives. This paper will first sketch why participation is important, and present a categorisation of processes and procedures that could be applied. It also sketches a number of myths and paradoxes that might occur in participation processes. ‘Compensating’ individuals and/or communities to accept wind turbines or solar parks is not sufficient to gain ‘acceptance’. A basic feature of many debates on local renewable energy projects is about ‘fairness’. The implication is that decision-making is neither on pros and cons of various renewable energy technologies as such, nor on what citizens are obliged to accept, but on a fair distribution of costs and benefits. Such discussions on fairness cannot be short cut by referring to legal rules, scientific evidence, or to standard financial compensations. History plays a role as old feelings of being disadvantaged, both at individual and at group level, might re-emerge in such debates. The paper will provide an overview of various local controversies on renewable energy initiatives in the Netherlands. It will argue that an open citizen participation process can be organized to work towards fair decisions, and that citizens should not be addressed as greedy subjects, trying to optimise their own private interests, but as responsible persons.
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Dankzij de enorme groei van zon en wind is steeds minder gas en kolen nodig voor de Nederlandse elektriciteitsproductie. De groei brengt ook uitdagingen. “Zo blijkt het stroomnet een beperkende factor bij de verdere uitbouw van zon en wind. Dat geldt nog meer voor de elektriciteitsvraag. Op steeds meer uren en dagen produceren windturbines en zonnepanelen meer elektriciteit dan we nodig hebben. Als gevolg daarvan is die elektriciteit op de markt niets waard en ontstaan zelfs negatieve prijzen. Beheerders van zon- en windparken schakelen dan af.”
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We moeten goed beseffen dat het voor individuele spelers, van overheid tot buitenlandse private partijen, om vele redenen aantrekkelijk is besluiten uit te stellen, ook bij positieve business cases. “Dat afgesproken doelen daardoor in gevaar komen is duidelijk. Dat kunnen we accepteren of niet. In het eerste geval is het goed daar duidelijk over te zijn. Dus niet zowel de plaatsing van windturbines afwijzen en tegelijk beweren 100% duurzaam te willen zijn, wat ik recent op de radio hoorde. Want dat doet de geloofwaardigheid van de transitie veel kwaad.”
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Renewable energy sources have an intermittent character that does not necessarily match energy demand. Such imbalances tend to increase system cost as they require mitigation measures and this is undesirable when available resources should be focused on increasing renewable energy supply. Matching supply and demand should therefore be inherent to early stages of system design, to avoid mismatch costs to the greatest extent possible and we need guidelines for that. This paper delivers such guidelines by exploring design of hybrid wind and solar energy and unusual large solar installation angles. The hybrid wind and solar energy supply and energy demand is studied with an analytical analysis of average monthly energy yields in The Netherlands, Spain and Britain, capacity factor statistics and a dynamic energy supply simulation. The analytical focus in this paper differs from that found in literature, where analyses entirely rely on simulations. Additionally, the seasonal energy yield profile of solar energy at large installation angles is studied with the web application PVGIS and an hourly simulation of the energy yield, based on the Perez model. In Europe, the energy yield of solar PV peaks during the summer months and the energy yield of wind turbines is highest during the winter months. As a consequence, three basic hybrid supply profiles, based on three different mix ratios of wind to solar PV, can be differentiated: a heating profile with high monthly energy yield during the winter months, a flat or baseload profile and a cooling profile with high monthly energy yield during the summer months. It is shown that the baseload profile in The Netherlands is achieved at a ratio of wind to solar energy yield and power of respectively Ew/Es = 1.7 and Pw/Ps = 0.6. The baseload ratio for Spain and Britain is comparable because of similar seasonal weather patterns, so that this baseload ratio is likely comparable for other European countries too. In addition to the seasonal benefits, the hybrid mix is also ideal for the short-term as wind and solar PV adds up to a total that has fewer energy supply flaws and peaks than with each energy source individually and it is shown that they are seldom (3%) both at rated power. This allows them to share one cable, allowing “cable pooling”, with curtailment to -for example-manage cable capacity. A dynamic simulation with the baseload mix supply and a flat demand reveals that a 100% and 75% yearly energy match cause a curtailment loss of respectively 6% and 1%. Curtailment losses of the baseload mix are thereby shown to be small. Tuning of the energy supply of solar panels separately is also possible. Compared to standard 40◦ slope in The Netherlands, facade panels have smaller yield during the summer months, but almost equal yield during the rest of the year, so that the total yield adds up to 72% of standard 40◦ slope panels. Additionally, an hourly energy yield simulation reveals that: façade (90◦) and 60◦ slope panels with an inverter rated at respectively 50% and 65% Wp, produce 95% of the maximum energy yield at that slope. The flatter seasonal yield profile of “large slope panels” together with decreased peak power fits Dutch demand and grid capacity more effectively.
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While modern wind turbines have become by far the largest rotating machines on Earth with further upscaling planned for the future, a renewed interest in small wind turbines (SWTs) is fostering energy transition and smart grid development. Small machines have traditionally not received the same level of aerodynamic refinement as their larger counterparts, resulting in lower efficiency, lower capacity factors, and therefore a higher cost of energy. In an effort to reduce this gap, research programs are developing worldwide. With this background, the scope of the present study is 2-fold. In the first part of this paper, an overview of the current status of the technology is presented in terms of technical maturity, diffusion, and cost. The second part of the study proposes five grand challenges that are thought to be key to fostering the development of small wind turbine technology in the near future, i.e. (1) improving energy conversion of modern SWTs through better design and control, especially in the case of turbulent wind; (2) better predicting long-term turbine performance with limited resource measurements and proving reliability; (3) improving the economic viability of small wind energy; (4) facilitating the contribution of SWTs to the energy demand and electrical system integration; (5) fostering engagement, social acceptance, and deployment for global distributed wind markets. To tackle these challenges, a series of unknowns and gaps are first identified and discussed. Based on them, improvement areas are suggested, for which 10 key enabling actions are finally proposed.
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De scheepsbrand op 23 juni 2014 in de haven van Scheveningen heeft de direct betrokkenen danig op de proef gesteld. Men mocht van geluk spreken dat de brand zonder verdere persoonlijke ongelukken nog diezelfde dag is geblust. Als dat niet het geval was geweest, hadden waarschijnlijk de direct omwonenden een paar zeer onaangename dagen beleefd.
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