Bij de ontleding van ammoniumchloride ontstaat ammoniak en waterstofchloride. De base en het zuur worden met indicatorpapier aangetoond. Waarom wordt het lichtere ammoniak onderaan en het zwaardere waterstofchloride bovenaan gedetecteerd?
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Er zijn verschillende manieren waarop je als soort een goed plaagdierkunt zijn. Eén manier is je snel aanpassen aan veranderende omstandigheden, zoals binnen gebouwen. Dan kun je het leven van mensen al gauw zuur maken. Als er een groep dieren is met een groot aanpassingsvermogen, dan zijn dat de mieren wel. Ze zitten onder de stoeptegels, in houten balken van het dak of de vloer of maken nesten in isolatiematerialen die evolutionair gezien nog maar nét bestaan. Moet je je voorstellen wat ze kunnen als ze langer de tijd hebben gehad om zich aan te passenaan hun omgeving…
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Predation risk is a major driver of the distribution of prey animals, which typically show strong responses to cues for predator presence. An unresolved question is whether naïve individuals respond to mimicked cues, and whether such cues can be used to deter prey. We investigated whether playback of wolf sounds induces fear responses in naïve ungulates in a human-dominated landscape from which wolves have been eradicated since 1879. We conducted a playback experiment in mixed-coniferous and broadleaved forest that harboured three cervid and one suid species. At 36 locations, we played wolf sounds, sounds of local sheep or no sounds, consecutively, in random order, and recorded visit rate and group size, using camera traps. Visit rates of cervids and wild boar showed a clear initial reduction to playback of both wolf and sheep sounds, but the type of response differed between sound, forest type and species. For naïve wild boar in particular, responses to predator cues depended on forest type. Effects on visit rate disappeared within 21 days. Group sizes in all the species were not affected by the sound treatment. Our findings suggest that the responses of naïve ungulates to wolf sound seem to be species specific, depend on forest type and wear off in time, indicating habituation. Before we can successfully deter ungulates using predator sound, we should further investigate how different forest types affect the perception of naïve ungulates to these sounds, as responses to predator sound may depend on habitat characteristics.
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De EU en Nederland streven naar significante reducties in broeikasgas- en stikstofemissies tegen 2030. De Nederlandse melkveehouderij draagt met respectievelijk 36% en 48% bij aan de broeikasgasuitstoot en de ammoniakemissies van de landbouw. Het aanzuren van mest met zwavelzuur, zoals in Denemarken, is effectief maar kostbaar. Dit onderzoek evalueert de haalbaarheid van biologisch aanzuren van dierlijke mest met melasse als alternatief, met als doel het verminderen van emissies en het verbeteren van mestverwaarding.Op een melkveehouderij in Someren met circa 100 koeien werd een experiment uitgevoerd waarbij een kleinere mestkelder werd biologisch aangezuurd met melasse en een grotere kelder als controle diende. Beide kelders werden op 6 november 2023 nagenoeg leeggepompt en aan de kleine kelder werd 12% melasse (op initiële hoeveelheid mest basis) toegevoegd. De pH in de aangezuurde mestkelder daalde van 8,1 naar 5,5 in 13 dagen en stabiliseerde op 4,7. Na 9 weken steeg de pH naar 6,0. De aangezuurde dunne fractie bevatte significant meer fosfaat (61%) en de biogasopbrengst steeg met 43% ten opzichte van de controle.Dit onderzoek bevestigt de hypothese dat het toevoegen van organische (rest)stromen aan mestkelders effectief is om methaan- en ammoniakemissies te verlagen en de mestverwaarding te verbeteren. Daarnaast is de aanpak passend binnen de huidige bedrijfsvoering inclusief de regelgeving. De biogasproductie nam significant toe waardoor de mestverwaarding verbeterde.Aanbevolen wordt om de pH van drijfmest rond 5,5 te houden, het verzuringsproces eventueel op te starten met een organisch zuur, en verder onderzoek te doen naar optimale melassedosering, frequenter mengen, en inzet van alternatieve suikerrijke resstromen. Voor borging van het proces zijn implementatie van een pH-monitoringssysteem en aanvullende emissiemetingen noodzakelijk.
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Understanding taste is key for optimizing the palatability of seaweeds and other non-animal-based foods rich in protein. The lingual papillae in the mouth hold taste buds with taste receptors for the five gustatory taste qualities. Each taste bud contains three distinct cell types, of which Type II cells carry various G protein-coupled receptors that can detect sweet, bitter, or umami tastants, while type III cells detect sour, and likely salty stimuli. Upon ligand binding, receptor-linked intracellular heterotrimeric G proteins initiate a cascade of downstream events which activate the afferent nerve fibers for taste perception in the brain. The taste of amino acids depends on the hydrophobicity, size, charge, isoelectric point, chirality of the alpha carbon, and the functional groups on their side chains. The principal umami ingredient monosodium l-glutamate, broadly known as MSG, loses umami taste upon acetylation, esterification, or methylation, but is able to form flat configurations that bind well to the umami taste receptor. Ribonucleotides such as guanosine monophosphate and inosine monophosphate strongly enhance umami taste when l-glutamate is present. Ribonucleotides bind to the outer section of the venus flytrap domain of the receptor dimer and stabilize the closed conformation. Concentrations of glutamate, aspartate, arginate, and other compounds in food products may enhance saltiness and overall flavor. Umami ingredients may help to reduce the consumption of salts and fats in the general population and increase food consumption in the elderly.
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Er bestaat een nauwe samenhang tussen de smaak- en de reukperceptie.De smaakperceptie vindt plaats door smaakpapillen die zout, zuur, zoet, bitter en umami kunnen onderscheiden. Daarnaast kunnen 2.000-4.000 verschillende geuren worden herkend. Veel smaakstoornissen zijn in feite reukstoornissen. Speeksel beïnvloedt de smaakperceptie omdat het fungeert als oplosmiddel voor de smaakstoffen en omdat het de smaakreceptoren beschermt. Daarom leidt een vermindering van de speekselproductie gewoonlijk tot afname van de smaakperceptie, waarbij de concentratie van zinkionen en specifieke eiwitten in speeksel een belangrijke rol spelen. Ook zink- en ijzerdeficiëntie kunnen leiden tot verminderde smaak- en reukperceptie.
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Om de ammoniakemissie uit stallen te verminderen worden zogenaamde luchtwassers als end-of-pipe techniek toegepast. Een veelgebruikte variant is een luchtwasser met een biologische wasstap, beter bekend onder de noemer ‘biologische luchtwasser’. Hierbij wordt verondersteld dat de in de luchtwasser opgeloste ammoniak, door nitrificerende bacteriën, wordt omgezet tot nitriet en nitraat. Er zijn echter aanwijzingen dat, indien er onvoldoende naar de bacteriën geluisterd wordt, er alsnog emissies van verschillende stikstofverbindingen plaats kunnen vinden.
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The massive die-off of the herbivorous sea urchin Diadema antillarum in 1983 and 1984 resulted in phase shifts on Caribbean coral reefs, where macroalgae replaced coral as the most dominant benthic group. Since then, D. antillarum recovery has been slow to non-existent on most reefs. Studying settlement rates can provide insight into the mechanisms constraining the recovery of D. antillarum, while efficient settlement collectors can be used to identify locations with high settlement rates and to collect settlers for restoration practices. The aim of this study was to compare pre and post die-off settlement rates and to determine possible settlement peaks in the Eastern Caribbean island of St. Eustatius. Additionally, we aimed to determine the effectiveness and reproducibility of five different settlement collectors for D. antillarum. D. antillarum settlement around St. Eustatius was highest in May, June and August and low during the rest of the study. Before the die-off, settlement recorded for Curaçao was high throughout the year and was characterized by multiple settlement peaks. Even though peak settlement rates in this study were in the same order of magnitude as in Curaçao before the die-off, overall yearly settlement rates around St. Eustatius were still lower. As no juvenile or adult D. antillarum were observed on the reefs around the settlement collectors, it is likely that other factors are hindering the recovery of the island's D. antillarum populations. Of all five materials tested, bio ball collectors were the most effective and reproducible method to monitor D. antillarum settlement. Panels yielded the least numbers of settlers, which can partly be explained by their position close to the seabed. Settler collection was higher in mid-water layers compared to close to the bottom and maximized when strings of bio balls were used instead of clumps. We recommend research into the feasibility of aiding D. antillarum recovery by providing suitable settlement substrate during the peak of the settlement season and adequate shelter to increase post-settlement survival of settlers. The bio ball collectors could serve as a suitable settlement substrate for this new approach of assisted natural recovery.
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1. We assessed the hypothesized negative correlation between the influence of multiple predators and body condition and fecundity of the European hare, from 13 areas in the Netherlands. 2. Year-round abundance of predators was estimated by hunters. We quantified predator influence as the sum of their field metabolic rates, as this sum reflects the daily food requirements of multiple individuals. We determined the ratio between body mass and hindfoot length of hares as an index of body condition and the weight of their adrenal gland as a measure of chronic exposure to stress, and we counted the number of placental scars to estimate fecundity of hares. 3. As hypothesized, we found that the sum of field metabolic rate of predators was negatively correlated with body condition and the number of placental scars, whereas it was positively related to the weight of the adrenal glands. In contrast to the sum of the field metabolic rate, the total number of predators did not or weakly affect the investigated risk responses. 4. The sum of the field metabolic rate can be a useful proxy for the influence of multiple predators and takes into account predator abundance, type, body weight, and food requirements of multiple predators. 5. With our findings, our paper contributes to a better understanding of the risk effects of multiple predators on prey fitness. Additionally, we identify a potential contributor to the decline of European hare populations.
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During times of high activity by predators and competitors, herbivores may be forced to forage in patches of low‐quality food. However, the relative importance in determining where and what herbivores forage still remains unclear, especially for small‐ and intermediate‐sized herbivores. Our objective was to test the relative importance of predator and competitor activity, and forage quality and quantity on the proportion of time spent in a vegetation type and the proportion of time spent foraging by the intermediate‐sized herbivore European hare (Lepus europaeus). We studied red fox (Vulpes vulpes) as a predator species and European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) as a competitor. We investigated the time spent at a location and foraging time of hare using GPS with accelerometers. Forage quality and quantity were analyzed based on hand‐plucked samples of a selection of the locally most important plant species in the diet of hare. Predator activity and competitor activity were investigated using a network of camera traps. Hares spent a higher proportion of time in vegetation types that contained a higher percentage of fibers (i.e., NDF). Besides, hares spent a higher proportion of time in vegetation types that contained relatively low food quantity and quality of forage (i.e., high percentage of fibers) during days that foxes (Vulpes vulpes) were more active. Also during days that rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) were more active, hares spent a higher proportion of time foraging in vegetation types that contained a relatively low quality of forage. Although predation risk affected space use and foraging behavior, and competition affected foraging behavior, our study shows that food quality and quantity more strongly affected space use and foraging behavior than predation risk or competition. It seems that we need to reconsider the relative importance of the landscape of food in a world of fear and competition.
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