Psychologists, psycholinguists, and other researchers using language stimuli have been struggling for more than 30 years with the problem of how to analyze experimental data that contain two crossed random effects (items and participants). The classical analysis of variance does not apply; alternatives have been proposed but have failed to catch on, and a statistically unsatisfactory procedure of using two approximations (known as F 1 and F 2) has become the standard. A simple and elegant solution using mixed model analysis has been available for 15 years, and recent improvements in statistical software have made mixed models analysis widely available. The aim of this article is to increase the use of mixed models by giving a concise practical introduction and by giving clear directions for undertaking the analysis in the most popular statistical packages. The article also introduces the djmixed add-on package for SPSS, which makes entering the models and reporting their results as straightforward as possible.
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Tipping is a social norm in many countries and has important functions as a source of income, with significant social welfare effects. Tipping can also represent a form of lost tax revenue, as service workers and restaurants may not declare all cash tips. These interrelationships remain generally insufficiently understood. This paper presents the results of a comparative survey of resident tipping patterns in restaurants in Spain, France, Germany, Switzerland, Sweden, Norway, and the Netherlands. ANOVA and ANCOVA analyses confirm significant variation in tipping norms between countries, for instance with regard to the frequency of tipping and the proportion of tips in relation to bill size. The paper discusses these findings in the context of employment conditions and social welfare effects, comparing the European Union minimum wage model to gratuity-depending income approaches in the USA. Results have importance for the hospitality sector and policymakers concerned with social welfare
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Abstract Purpose Knowledge of clinical pharmacotherapy is essential for all who prescribe medication. The aims of this study were to investigate differences in the pharmacotherapy and polypharmacy knowledge of medical and surgical residents and consultants and whether this knowledge can be improved by following an online course. Methods Design: A before-and-after-measurement. Setting: An online course available for Dutch residents and consultants working in hospitals. Study population: Dutch residents and consultants from different disciplines who voluntarily followed an online course on geriatric care. Intervention An online 6-week course on geriatric care, with 1 week dedicated to clinical pharmacotherapy and polypharmacy. Variables, such as medical vs surgical specialty, consultant vs resident, age, and sex, that could predict the level of knowledge. The effects of the online course were studied using repeated measures ANOVA. The study was approved by the National Ethics Review Board of Medical Education (NERB dossier number 996). Results A total of 394 residents and 270 consultants, 220 from surgical and 444 from medical specialties, completed the online course in 2016 and 2017. Residents had higher test scores than consultants for pharmacotherapy (73% vs 70%, p<0.02) and polypharmacy (75% vs 72%, p<0.02). The learning effect did not differ. Medical residents/consultants had a better knowledge of pharmacotherapy (74% vs 68%, p<0.001) and polypharmacy (77% vs 66%, p<0.001) than surgical residents/consultants, but the learning effect was the same. Conclusions Residents and consultants had a similar learning curve for acquiring knowledge, but residents outperformed consultants on all measures. In addition, surgical and medical residents/consultants had similar learning curves, but medical residents/consultants had higher test scores on all measures.
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Many lithographically created optical components, such as photonic crystals, require the creation of periodically repeated structures [1]. The optical properties depend critically on the consistency of the shape and periodicity of the repeated structure. At the same time, the structure and its period may be similar to, or substantially below that of the optical diffraction limit, making inspection with optical microscopy difficult. Inspection tools must be able to scan an entire wafer (300 mm diameter), and identify wafers that fail to meet specifications rapidly. However, high resolution, and high throughput are often difficult to achieve simultaneously, and a compromise must be made. TeraNova is developing an optical inspection tool that can rapidly image features on wafers. Their product relies on (a) knowledge of what the features should be, and (b) a detailed and accurate model of light diffraction from the wafer surface. This combination allows deviations from features to be identified by modifying the model of the surface features until the calculated diffraction pattern matches the observed pattern. This form of microscopy—known as Fourier microscopy—has the potential to be very rapid and highly accurate. However, the solver, which calculates the wafer features from the diffraction pattern, must be very rapid and precise. To achieve this, a hardware solver will be implemented. The hardware solver must be combined with mechatronic tracking of the absolute wafer position, requiring the automatic identification of fiduciary markers. Finally, the problem of computer obsolescence in instrumentation (resulting in security weaknesses) will also be addressed by combining the digital hardware and software into a system-on-a-chip (SoC) to provide a powerful, yet secure operating environment for the microscope software.
Het belang van het opdoen van waardevolle burgerschapservaringen voor jongeren wordt breed gedragen. Burgerschap van jongeren is een maatschappelijk speerpunt, wat zich het meest zichtbaar vertaalt naar aandacht voor burgerschap binnen het formele onderwijs. Maar burgerschapservaringen kunnen zowel op school als buiten school worden opgedaan. In Nederland tekent zich een burgerschapskansenkloof af, waarbij kinderen en jongeren uit wijken met bewoners met een gemiddeld lage sociaaleconomische status minder mogelijkheden ervaren om hun burgerschap te (be)oefenen dan leeftijdgenoten uit wijken met bewoners met een gemiddeld hoge sociaaleconomische status. Beleidsmakers en buurtprofessionals erkennen het belang van jeugdparticipatie, als een waardevolle burgerschapservaring, maar geven aan beperkt zicht te hebben op concrete methoden om dat vorm te geven. Ook geven zij aan jongeren selectief te bereiken, waarbij vooral jongeren uit wijken met bewoners met een gemiddeld hoge sociaaleconomische status profiteren van het aanbod. In dit project richten we ons dus op jonge burgers (10-14 jaar) uit wijken met bewoners met een gemiddeld lagere sociaaleconomische status en onderzoeken we de impact van het ontwerpprogramma ‘Ontwerpen voor de buurt’. Dit programma is ontwikkeld door Stichting TerraNova – Democratisch Design. De deelnemers worden in dit programma opgeleid tot social designers en worden gestimuleerd om hun eigen dromen voor de buurt om te zetten in concrete plannen die zij voorleggen aan beleidsmakers. In het onderzoek volgen we drie trajecten van het programma op verschillende plekken in Nederland. We richten ons daarbij in het bijzonder op de impact die de trajecten hebben op het vertrouwen van de deelnemers in hun vermogens als burgers, hun civic self-efficacy. Daarnaast onderzoeken we in de lokale context de behoeften van buurtprofessionals bij het ontwikkelen en ondersteunen van jeugdparticipatie. Zo biedt dit project belangrijke inzichten om waardevolle burgerschapservaringen voor jonge burgers in hun buurt mogelijk te maken.
