In deze studie wordt nagegaan of het energieverbruik van de stad Groningen in 2035 voor elektriciteit en warmte volledig verduurzaamd kan worden door middel van wind, zon of biomassa. Tevens wordt nagegaan wat dit zou betekenen voor de omgeving en wat het kost. De randvoorwaarde is dat de stad Groningen in 2035 volledig zelfvoorzienend is. Het energieverbruik dat noodzakelijk is voor mobiliteit (benzine en diesel) is in deze studie niet meegenomen.Er worden drie scenario’s bestudeerd. Twee all-electric scenario’ s waarbij duurzame energieopwekking gebeurt door windturbines of zonnepanelen en aan de warmtevraag wordt voldaan via warmtepompen. Daarnaast een scenario met biomassa/biogas waarbij de benodigde elektriciteit wordt opgewekt in warmtekracht installaties. Uitgangspunt van de studie zijn gerealiseerde tijdafhankelijke gegevens voor de stad Groningen over 2012. Er wordt uitgegaan van de huidige stand van de techniek. De lezer wordt uitgedaagd op basis van eigen inzichten de gevolgen van technologische vooruitgang in de resultaten te verwerken.
On the 11th of may 2016 dr. ir. J. Dam officially started his professorship in Sustainable LNG Technology at the Hanze University of Applied Science. In this Inaugural speech he declared his hopes and plans for the Hanze University and it's Centre of Expertise - Energy.
Agricultural by-products, that is primary residue, industrial by-products and animal manure, are an important source of nutrients and carbon for maintaining soil quality and crop production but can also be valorised through treatment pathways such as fermentation, incineration or a combination of these called bio-refinery. Here, we provide an overview of opportunity to reduce environmental impact of valorising agricultural by-products. We estimate the available by-products in Northwestern Europe as a case study and the maximum and realistic greenhouse gas reduction potentials. Availability, collectability, the original use and environmental impact including land use changes, soil carbon sequestration and pollution swapping are discussed as critical factors when valorising agricultural by-products.
MULTIFILE
The Cashing Cashew project focuses on isolation and purification of Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (CNSL) from Cashew Nut Shells (CNS) in order to fully utilize this valuable by-product of the cashew nut production. Global cashew nut production is about 4 million mt/ tons/yr. Of the cashew nut, about 70 % is shell that is removed in processing and currently typically burned as a dirty and inefficient fuel or discarded as waste. This is not only creating an environmental issue but also wasting valuable by-products. The shell contains circa 20-30 % brown viscous liquid, Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (CNSL). This natural resin contains valuable chemical components, for example, cardanol, cardol, and anacardic acid. CNSL and its derivatives have several industrial uses as for example biobased additives, polymeric building blocks, and biodiesel. Part of the CNSL can be extracted during the roasting process prior to separating the shell and nut kernel. The shell waste still has a high CNSL concentration that can be isolated by solvents or pressing (expeller). Expeller process is simple and not capital-intensive; therefore it is commonly used. The main disadvantages of the method are the high energy consumption and that 3-5 % oil remains in the press-cake producing harmful gases in burning. Also, the resulting cake is too dense to be further processed to charcoal or other useful application. The objective of this project is to study the purification of the CNSL obtained from pyrolytic isolation to find the most efficient way of making use of the CNSL oil and the total Cashew Nut Shell biomass. An initial evaluation of potential applications is also performed.
Fucoxanthine is een van de meest voorkomende carotenoïden en wordt voornamelijk geproduceerd door bruinwier en microalgen. Er is veel belangstelling voor de farmaceutische en cosmetische werking van fucoxanthine, zoals bescherming tegen UV-B geïnduceerd melanoom en huidveroudering. Desondanks zijn fucoxanthine extracten niet of nauwelijks verkrijgbaar als cosmetisch ingrediënt. Project FUCOS wil daarom zelf de productie van FUCOS extracten ontwikkelen en deze toepassen in cosmetische prototypen. Project FUCOS zal de fucoxanthine inhoud van commercieel beschikbare bruinwieren zoals Saccharina latissima en Undaria pinnatifida alsmede de microalg Isochrysis galbana evalueren om zo de meest rendabele biomassa grondstof te selecteren. Hier vanuit zullen kleinschalig verschillende groene, voedselveilige extractie methoden ontwikkeld en vergeleken worden op fucoxanthine opbrengst en kosten efficiëntie. De resulterende extracten kunnen worden toegepast in cosmetische prototypen na evaluatie van de biologische activiteiten. Hiermee zet project FUCOS een nieuwe stap richting de exploitatie van algen en wieren als biobased grondstof en de ontwikkeling van duurzame cosmetica.
The SMEs participating in the NUTSHELL-project approached Avans to assist them in evaluating the pyrolytic extraction of valuable oils from Cashew Nut Shell (CNS). CNS is waste generated in the production of edible cashew nut. For the 2017 the predicted cashew nuts crop yield is 3 million tons; resulting to 2 million tons of CNS waste. CNS contains circa 30-35% brown viscous liquid, called Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (CNSL) , this is a natural resin containing valuable components, for example cardanol, cardol and anacardic acid. CNSL and its derivatives have several industrial uses as biobased additives, polymeric building blocks and biodiesel. Part of the CNSL can be extracted during the roasting process prior to separating the shell and nut kernel. The shell waste still has a relatively high CNSL concentration that can be isolated by solvents or pressing (expeller). Expeller process is simple and not capital-intensive; therefore it is commonly used in a small scale production. The main disadvantages of the method are the relatively high energy consumption and its low oil recovery, the level of oil in the press-cake remains 3 to 5%. The residual oil produces harmful gases in burning hence hindering the use as fuel. Also the resulting cake is too dense to be further processed to charcoal or other useful application; hence forming a significant waste stream. One of the main advantages of the pyrolysis route as envisaged by the SME partners is using the total CNS biomass. The objective of this project is to study a process where in the pyrolytic isolation of CNSL oils is achieved and the remaining cake can be further pyrolysed to form charcoal or biochar.
