This report focuses on the feasibility of the power-to-ammonia concept. Power-to-ammonia uses produced excess renewable electricity to electrolyze water, and then to react the obtained hydrogen with nitrogen, which is obtained through air separation, to produce ammonia. This process may be used as a “balancing load” to consume excess electricity on the grid and maintain grid stability. The product, ammonia, plays the role of a chemical storage option for excess renewable energy. This excess energy in the form of ammonia can be stored for long periods of time using mature technologies and an existing global infrastructure, and can further be used either as a fuel or a chemical commodity. Ammonia has a higher energy density than hydrogen; it is easier to store and transport than hydrogen, and it is much easier to liquefy than methane, and offers an energy chain with low carbon emissions.The objective of this study is to analyze technical, institutional and economic aspects of power-to-ammonia and the usage of ammonia as a flexible energy carrier.
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The catalytic oxidation of potato starch by [MnIV2 (μ-O)3(tmtacn)2][H2O](CH3COO)2 (Mncat, with tmtacn =1,4,7-trimethyl-1,4,7-triazacyclononane) with H2O2, was recently introduced as a promising alternative to ubiquitous sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl). Here, we report an in-depth investigation into interactions of the catalyst with the starch granule. Pitted starches obtained by pre-treatment with high-frequency ultrasound (HFUS) were shown to result in a uniquely homogeneous oxidation. To study this further, fractionation of oxidised potato starch was done which showed a preference for the oxidation of smaller granules with a higher relative surface area. This result was corroborated by chemical surface gelatinisation of fractionated granules. These studies showed that the inside of the granules was oxidised, but that Mncat had a moderate preference for oxidation of the periphery. Together, these results allow for a better understanding of oxidation of starch by Mncat and how it differs from NaOCl oxidation making further optimisation of the process possible.
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The project BioP2M came to a close in June 2019 after a consortium of stakeholders in the field of energy transition worked together to research the diverse role of Methane. In this report the results are presented and future plans are discussed.
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