Côte d’Ivoire produces about 42 percent of the world’s total Cocoa but processes only 30 percent of the total production. A large part of the country depends on the commercial benefits of the Cocoa production and supply chain of it. In this paper, we develop a simulation model that assess the performance of the logistics of the Cocoa supply chain in Côte d’Ivoire. The simulation model shed light on the potential of improvements in the logistics of the Cocoa supply chain by identifying inefficiencies, bottlenecks, and blockers that hinder the productivity and performance of the Cocoa supply chain. Results from simulations show that reduction of checkpoints alongthe roads will increase productivity by 30 percent, while the value of beans in the Port will increase 3 percent and of butter 5 percent. Investing in improving secondary and tertiary roads will increase the productivity by 9 percent and value by 1 percent while investing in improving road infrastructure and checkpoints will raise the productivity by 27 percent and the value by 3 percent. The results suggest that a combination of reducing the checkpoints with the investment in secondary and tertiary roads will increase productivity while at the same time the pollution will be reduced importantly. The results also suggest that the switching from only producing beans to butter should be accompanied with the increase in productivity otherwise the value at the market would not be sensitive. Other important results are also presented in this paper, together with suggestions for improvement in order to optimize the logistics of Cocoa supply chain, and increase the profitability of the Cocoa sector, and hence the living conditions and wellbeing of the farmers in the country.
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Côte d’Ivoire produces about 42 percent of the world’s total Cocoa but processes only a very few amount of the production. A big part of the country depends on the commercial benefits of the Cocoa production and supply chain of it. For that reason, the World Bank asked the simulation group of the Amsterdam U. of Applied Sciences in collaboration with the Port of Amsterdam to develop a simulation model that allows the politicians assess the performance of the supply chain of the Cocoa in that region of the world. The simulation model gave light to the potential of improvement in the supply chain by identifying inefficiencies, bottlenecks and blockers that hinder the efficient transport of Cocoa in the chain with the consequence of low productivity. The most important results are presented in the article together with suggestions for improvement in order to increase the wellbeing of the farmers in that region of Africa.
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Côte d’Ivoire produces about 42 percent of the world’s total Cocoa but processes only a very few amount of the production. A big part of the country depends on the commercial benefits of the Cocoa production and supply chain of it. For that reason, the World Bank asked the simulation group of the Amsterdam U. of Applied Sciences in collaboration with the Port of Amsterdam to develop a simulation model that allows the politicians assess the performance of the supply chain of the Cocoa in that region of the world. The simulation model gave light to the potential of improvement in the supply chain by identifying inefficiencies, bottlenecks and blockers that hinder the efficient transport of Cocoa in the chain with the consequence of low productivity. The most important results are presented in the article together with suggestions for improvement in order to increase the wellbeing of the farmers in that region of Africa.
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Considering the challenges on sustainable agriculture in the district, different institutions join hands to overcome these issues and respond to the felt need of working more integrative both in the agricultural sector and environmental knowledge system. Adding a sense of urgency due to COVID-19 into problem analysis, these institutions accelerated the ambition to develop a Digital Farmer Field School (DFFS). This paper elaborates on the co-construction of principles for the design of a Digital Farmer Field School (DFFS) by the local stakeholders in Enrekang district. The local design team design of the DFFS Enrekang is composed of a transdisciplinary team from relevant government institutions and research institutions. The design principles of DFFS are built around inclusive design principles, concepts of interface usability based on different type of access to digital technology models, responsible innovation criteria and learning principles of farmer field school (FFS). The DFFS Enrekang design principles serve as guiding principles and shared value among the collaborating institutions to combine ambition, inspiration, and accountability in the DFFS management and development processes. This tablet based digital learning platform aims to provide an alternative for farmers to access information on sustainable agricultural and environmental practices.
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Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a group of more than hundred compounds that are ubiquitous in our environment. Some of these PAHs are known to be carcinogenic, mutagenic and teratogenic. PAHs have been detected in dried herbs that were cultured in The Netherlands as well as in other European countries above the maximum levels in dried herbs set by the EU (EU, 2015) for benzo(a)pyrene and the sum of the following four PAHs benzo(a)pyrene, benzo[a]anthracene, benzo[b]fluoranteen and chrysene. The origin of these PAHs in herbs is unknown. VNK cultivates, harvests and dries herbs including valerian and would like to identify the source of PAHs to comply to the EU limits for PAHs in herbs. The goal of the present study was to identify the source of PAHs found in valerian root, and to identify possible measures to reduce the concentration of PAHs in valerian root.
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Through the commodification of nature, the framing of the environment as a ‘natural resource’ or ‘ecosystem service’ has become increasingly prominent in international environmental governance. The economic capture approach is promoted by international organizations such as the United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP) through Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD), Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES) and The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (TEEB). This paper will inquire as to how forest protection is related to issues of social and ecological justice, exploring whether forest exploitation based on the top-down managerial model fosters an unequitable distribution of resources. Both top-down and community-based approaches to forest protection will be critically examined and a more inclusive ethical framework to forest protection will be offered. The findings of this examination indicate the need for a renewed focus on existing examples of good practice in addressing both social and ecological need, as well as the necessity to address the less comfortable problem of where compromise appears less possible. The conclusion argues for the need to consider ecological justice as an important aspect of more socially orientated environmental justice for forest protection. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0376892916000436 https://www.linkedin.com/in/helenkopnina/
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