Event-related potentials (ERPs) have been used for decades to study perception, cognition, emotion, neurological and psychiatric disorders, and lifespan development. ERPs consist of multiple components and reflect a specific neurocognitive process. In the past, there was no single source that could be consulted to learn about all the major ERP components; learning about a single ERP component required reading dozens or even hundreds of separate journal articles and book chapters. The Oxford Handbook of Event-Related Potential Components fills this void with a detailed review of the major ERP components. The book looks at the fundamental nature of ERP components, including essential information about how ERP components are defined and isolated. It explains in detail individual components, such as the N170, P300, and ERN. It further examines groups of related components within specific research domains, such as language, emotion, and memory. Finally, it analyses ERP components in special populations, including children, the elderly, nonhuman primates, and patients with neurological disorders, affective disorders, and schizophrenia.
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Aesthetic experiences have an influence on many aspects of life. Interest in the neural basis of aesthetic experiences has grown rapidly in the past decade, and fMRI studies have identified several brain systems supporting aesthetic experiences. Work on the rapid neuronal dynamics of aesthetic experience, however, is relatively scarce. This study adds to this field by investigating the experience of being aesthetically moved by means of ERP and time–frequency analysis. Participants' EEG was recorded while they viewed a diverse set of artworks and evaluated the extent to which these artworks moved them. Results show that being aesthetically moved is associated with a sustained increase in gamma activity over centroparietal regions. In addition, alpha power over right frontocentral regions was reduced in high- and low-moving images, compared to artworks given intermediate ratings. We interpret the gamma effect as an indication for sustained savoring processes for aesthetically moving artworks compared to aesthetically less-moving artworks. The alpha effect is interpreted as an indication of increased attention for aesthetically salient images. In contrast to previous works, we observed no significant effects in any of the established ERP components, but we did observe effects at latencies longer than 1 sec. We conclude that EEG time–frequency analysis provides useful information on the neuronal dynamics of aesthetic experience.
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We examined the neural correlates of facial attractiveness by presenting pictures of male or female faces (neutral expression) with low/intermediate/high attractiveness to 48 male or female participants while recording their electroencephalogram (EEG). Subjective attractiveness ratings were used to determine the 10% highest, 10% middlemost, and 10% lowest rated faces for each individual participant to allow for high contrast comparisons. These were then split into preferred and dispreferred gender categories. ERP components P1, N1, P2, N2, early posterior negativity (EPN), P300 and late positive potential (LPP) (up until 3000 ms post-stimulus), and the face specific N170 were analysed. A salience effect (attractive/unattractive > intermediate) in an early LPP interval (450–850 ms) and a long-lasting valence related effect (attractive > unattractive) in a late LPP interval (1000–3000 ms) were elicited by the preferred gender faces but not by the dispreferred gender faces. Multi-variate pattern analysis (MVPA)-classifications on whole-brain single-trial EEG patterns further confirmed these salience and valence effects. It is concluded that, facial attractiveness elicits neural responses that are indicative of valenced experiences, but only if these faces are considered relevant. These experiences take time to develop and last well beyond the interval that is commonly explored.
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Doelstellingen Na bestudering van dit hoofdstuk: • weet je dat gereguleerde marktwerking in het Nederlandse zorgstelsel niet zonder problemen is; • weet je dat bekostiging van zorg in belangrijke mate bepalend is voor de inrichting en vormgeving van zorgprocessen; • besef je dat de huidige regels rondom bekostiging van zorg de inrichting van preventieve zorg in de weg staan; • heb je kennis genomen van alternatieve vormen van bekostiging van zorg, ieder met eigen voordelen en nadelen; • besef je dat een zorgdomeinoverstijgend perspectief noodzakelijk is, omdat een goede gezondheid ook bepaald wordt door factoren die buiten het zorgdomein liggen; • weet je dat maatschappelijke effecten niet altijd in cijfers zijn uit te drukken en dat een maatschappelijke kosten-batenanalyse hier mogelijk uitkomst kan bieden; • heb je kennis genomen van het ‘waarom’, ‘hoe’ en ‘wat’ van businessmodellen in de zorg.
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Kwaliteitsmanagement is lange tijd gekenmerkt geweest door wat je het empirisch paradigma (Van Kemenade & Hardjono, 2018) zou kunnen noemen. Binnen die manier van denken is kwaliteitskunde meten en gaat het onder andere om prestatie-indicatoren. Kwaliteit is voldoen aan de vereisten. Verbetering en verandering is te plannen. Statistiek is zijn belangrijkste wetenschap. De manager controleert. Een risico echter van dit kwaliteitsparadigma is, dat er een enorme bureaucratie ontstaat. Erger nog: ze houdt onvoldoende rekening met de complexiteit van het huidige tijdsgewricht.
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In this article, we describe the emergence of a new Finance course in line with the concept of the Societal Cost-Benefit Analysis (SCBA). By means of an in-depth case study, we reconstruct the process of dissatisfaction and corresponding discussions among lecturers and students of the Master Integrated Care Design with regard to the learning aims and content of the Finance course, which is a study module of this master. During the period 2015-2021, the aims and content of this module were revised and remoulded several times in order to define a Finance course that was able to both sufficiently and creatively connect the domain of Integrated Care with that of Finance. In this process of reiterating revision both lectures and students played a crucial role. The ultimate result – the indicative Societal Cost-Benefit Analysis – was unexpected and unplanned, producing an outcome that surpassed the sum of its separate parts. In short, the process, as we describe in this case study, bears all the hallmarks of emergence. Moreover, the analysis shows how this process of emergence in combination with emergent leadership led to a practicable and encouraging outcome, which satisfied and committed all stakeholders, setting an example that is worth following.
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It is commonly assumed that TV commercials successfully influence affective tourism destination image by coupling positive emotions to a destination. In this study we record emotional responses to destination pictures before and after viewing a destination TV commercial from participants’ brains using electroencephalography (EEG). A control group of participants watched the same destination pictures, and an unrelated TV commercial. Emotion-related event-related potential (ERP) components, the P2 and LPP, were derived from the EEG. For the participants that watched the destination TV commercial, the P2 and the LPP were larger in response to destination pictures after compared to before having watched the TV commercial. This effect was not observed in the control group. In a behavioral version of the same experiment, we did not observe any effects in the self-report data. It is concluded that ERP methodology is a useful tool to complement the toolbox of tourism marketing researchers
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Wat is 'hot' en wat is 'not' in de ict? Dat was 'in a nutshell' de reden voor het HBO-I om een studiereis te maken naar het Mekka voor ict'ers: Silicon Valley. Voor VS-verhoudingen een klein gebied met relatief veel belangrijke ict-bedrijven: SUN, Intel, Oracle, Hewlett-Packard. En twee van de beste universiteiten: Berkeley en Stanford. Deny Smeets en Miranda Valkenburg geven hun persoonlijke impressie van de hbo ict-tour.
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Being able to classify experienced emotions by identifying distinct neural responses has tremendous value in both fundamental research (e.g. positive psychology, emotion regulation theory) and in applied settings (clinical, healthcare, commercial). We aimed to decode the neural representation of the experience of two discrete emotions: sadness and disgust, devoid of differences in valence and arousal. In a passive viewing paradigm, we showed emotion evoking images from the International Affective Picture System to participants while recording their EEG. We then selected a subset of those images that were distinct in evoking either sadness or disgust (20 for each), yet were indistinguishable on normative valence and arousal. Event-related potential analysis of 69 participants showed differential responses in the N1 and EPN components and a support-vector machine classifier was able to accurately classify (58%) whole-brain EEG patterns of sadness and disgust experiences. These results support and expand on earlier findings that discrete emotions do have differential neural responses that are not caused by differences in valence or arousal.
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Animal welfare is a multidimensional phenomenon and currently its on-farm assessment requires complex, multidimensional frameworks involving farm audits which are time-consuming, infrequent and expensive. The core principle of precision agriculture is to use sensor technologies to improve the efficiency of resource use by targeting resources to where they give a benefit. Precision livestock farming (PLF) enables farm animal management to move away from the group level to monitoring and managing individual animals. A range of precision livestock monitoring and control technologies have been developed, primarily to improve livestock production efficiency. Examples include using camera systems monitoring the movement of housed broiler chickens to detect problems with feeding systems or disease and leg-mounted accelerometers enabling the detection of the early stages of lameness in dairy cows. These systems are already improving farm animal welfare by, for example, improving the detection of health issues enabling more rapid treatment, or the detection of problems with feeding systems helping to reduce the risk of hunger. Environmental monitoring and control in buildings can improve animal comfort, and automatic milking systems facilitate animal choice and improve human-animal interactions. Although these precision livestock technologies monitor some parameters relevant to farm animal welfare (e.g. feeding, health), none of the systems yet provide the broad, multidimensional integration that is required to give a complete assessment of an animal’s welfare. However, data from PLF sensors could potentially be integrated into automated animal welfare assessment systems, although further research is needed to define and validate this approach.
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