Cultural festivals can attract cultural tourists, extend the tourist season and add vibrancy to the cultural scene. However, there is relatively little research on how festivals affect tourist experience of the destination or outcomes such as satisfaction or repeat visitation. This study used the Event Experience Scale to measure tourist experiences at three cultural festivals in Hong Kong – the Lantern Festival, Dragon Boat Festival and the Cheung Chau Bun Festival. The findings show that tourist experiences of these festivals are distinct, and they positively affect destination image and behavioural outcomes. Relative to permanent attractions and tours, festival experiences elicit stronger affective, conative and novelty responses. Festivals also convey a stronger impression of Hong Kong as a destination exhibiting Chinese and traditional culture, but less as a global city. The festival experience is associated with positive outcomes, namely greater satisfaction, intention to recommend and intention to return.
The ambition to host mega sports events is (or can be) perfectly justifiable with various arguments. The most persistently used argument is the supposed financial or direct economic gain for the host economy, of which the compelling body of evidence is discouraging. This implies that the justification for hosting should come from a different, broader economic angle. This paper provides a critical discussion of the myriad of economic and frequently intangible effects that could be put forward in the public debate preceding the submission of a bid. Paradoxically, most of these effects are not, or infrequently employed in public debates.
This two-wave complete panel study aims to examine human resource management (HRM) bundles of practices in relation to social support [i.e., leader–member exchange (LMX; Graen & Uhl-Bien, 1995), coworker exchange (CWX; Sherony & Green, 2002)] and employee outcomes (i.e., work engagement, employability, and health), within a context of workers aged 65+, the so-called bridge workers (Wang, Adams, Beehr, & Shultz, 2009). Based upon the social exchange theory (Blau, 1964; Gouldner, 1960), and the Job Demands-Resources (JD-R; Demerouti, Bakker, Nachreiner, & Schaufeli, 2001) framework, it was hypothesized that HRM bundles at Time 1 would increase bridge workers’ outcomes at Time 2, and that this relationship would be mediated by perceptions of LMX and CWX at Time 2. Hypotheses were tested among a unique sample of Dutch bridge employees (N = 228). Results of several structural equation modeling analyses revealed no significant associations between HRM bundles, and social support, moreover, no significant associations were found in relation to employee outcomes. However, the results of the best-fitting final model revealed the importance of the impact of social support on employee (65+) outcomes over time.
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Sportevenementen worden veelal mede mogelijk gemaakt door bijdragen vanuit de lokale, regionale of nationale overheid. Er mag van een sportevenement dan ook worden verwacht dat het een bijdrage levert aan de lokale gemeenschap, stad, of land (Gratton, Shibli & Coleman, 2005; Dickson, Benson, & Blackman, 2011; Hiller, 2000). Steeds vaker wordt er kritisch gekeken naar de maatschappelijke bijdrage die een sportevenement genereerd. Weegt deze wel op tegen de publieke kosten? De afgelopen 30 jaar wordt er dan ook steeds meer onderzoek gedaan naar de effecten die evenementen hebben op de lokale gemeenschap (Cashman, Toohey, Darcy, Symons & Stewert, 2004). Hierbij was de focus in het verleden vooral gericht op de bijdrage aan de lokale economie, maar steeds meer worden ook de maatschappelijke bijdragen geëvalueerd (Preuss, 2007). Maar wat is de sociaal-maatschappelijke impact van evenementen en hoe kan deze optimaal worden benut, bestendigd en geëvalueerd?
