Objectives: To cross-validate the existing peak rate of oxygen consumption (VO2peak) prediction equations in Dutch law enforcement officers and to determine whether these prediction equations can be used to predict VO2peak for groups and in a single individual. A further objective was to report normative absolute and relative VO2peak values of a sample of law enforcement officers in the Netherlands. Material and Methods: The peak rate of oxygen consumption (ml×kg–1×min–1) was measured using a maximal incremental bicycle test in 1530 subjects, including 1068 male and 461 female police officers. Validity of the prediction equations for groups was assessed by comparing predicted VO2peak with measured VO2peak using paired t-tests. For individual differences limits of agreement (LoA) were calculated. Equations were considered valid for individuals when the difference between measured and predicted VO2peak did not exceed ±1 metabolic equivalent (MET) in 95% of individuals. Results: None of the equations met the validity criterion of 95% of individuals having ±1 MET difference or less than the measured value. Limits of agreement (LoAs) were large in all predictions. At the individual level, none of the equations were valid predictors of VO2peak (ml×kg–1×min–1). Normative values for Dutch law enforcement officers were presented. Conclusions: Substantial differences between measured and predicted VO2peak (ml×kg–1×min–1) were found. Most tested equations were invalid predictors of VO2peak at group level and all were invalid at individual levels.
Refugees and internally displaced people who flee their homes due to environmental threats and far-going degradation which destroys their living conditions are not well-protected under international law. Refugee law focusses on political refugees. Establishing principals similar to the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) regime, (which is limited to genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity and ethnic cleansing), could offer a solution for the lack of protection of environmental refugees. The obligation to establish this system could be based on the same obligation that forms the basis of the establishment of the R2P regime itself: the international obligation to prevent large scale suffering. This obligation corresponds with changed notions regarding state sovereignty and with the moral and legal obligations emanating from various human rights treaties. In first instance, according to R2P, the primary responsibility to take protective measures lies with the state itself. Secondly, the international community has a responsibility to assist. Lastly, the international community has a responsibility to respond duly and in a decisive manner when a state is unable or unwilling to provide protection for its citizens. The international community is equipped with a broad range of instruments under R2P that can be employed to protect environmental refugees. These instruments allow for custom-made solutions, which are absent in most traditional legal instruments
World globalisation drives companies to undertake international expansion with the aim of retaining or growing their businesses. When companies globalize, managers encounter new challenges in making international marketing strategy (IMS) decisions, which are influenced by perceived cultural and business distance between their home- and foreign country. Telkom Indonesia International (Telin) was formed by Telkom Indonesia (i.e. the state-owned company in the telecommunication industry in Indonesia) to engage in international business within a global market. The central question in this study is to what extent do managers’ perceived cultural and business distance between home- and foreign country influence their IMS decisions? A mixed research strategy will be employed by applying qualitative and quantitative methods concurrently. The data collection will involve interviews with CEOs and managers, alongside a web survey to 55 managers of Telkom's. Results suggest important consequences for IMS decisions and emphasizes the need for dialogue on perceptions of cultural and business characteristics of countries.
Wildlife crime is an important driver of biodiversity loss and disrupts the social and economic activities of local communities. During the last decade, poaching of charismatic megafauna, such as elephant and rhino, has increased strongly, driving these species to the brink of extinction. Early detection of poachers will strengthen the necessary law enforcement of park rangers in their battle against poaching. Internationally, innovative, high tech solutions are sought after to prevent poaching, such as wireless sensor networks where animals function as sensors. Movement of individuals of widely abundant, non-threatened wildlife species, for example, can be remotely monitored ‘real time’ using GPS-sensors. Deviations in movement of these species can be used to indicate the presence of poachers and prevent poaching. However, the discriminative power of the present movement sensor networks is limited. Recent advancements in biosensors led to the development of instruments that can remotely measure animal behaviour and physiology. These biosensors contribute to the sensitivity and specificity of such early warning system. Moreover, miniaturization and low cost production of sensors have increased the possibilities to measure multiple animals in a herd at the same time. Incorporating data about within-herd spatial position, group size and group composition will improve the successful detection of poachers. Our objective is to develop a wireless network of multiple sensors for sensing alarm responses of ungulate herds to prevent poaching of rhinos and elephants.
In december 2014 heeft het Lectoraat Netwerk Cultuur in samenwerking met het consortium het onderzoeksproject ‘Toolkit Digitaal Publiceren’ afgerond. Resultaten voortvloeiend uit dit onderzoek zijn onder andere: • Hybrid Publishing Workflow (HPW) ; • Diverse tools, zoals de epub generator, epub player, hybrid editor en epubster (alle ontwikkelde tools zijn gedocumenteerd op de GitHub repository); • Publicaties; From Print to Ebooks – a Hybrid Publishing Toollkit for the Arts , Digital Publishing Toolkit – the Blogposts ; • Digital versies van Think Like a Lawyer; een hoofdstuk van Sketching; MyHighlights; • Expert meetings en workshops over “going hybrid”; • Internationaal actief netwerk; • 3 internationale conferenties, inclusief videoregistraties en een foto reportage. Binnen het SIA RAAK MKB project hebben we met name gekeken naar hoe wij een bijdrage kunnen leveren aan het faciliteren van de uitgever in de kunst- en cultuursector in Nederland. Tijdens en na het afronden van het onderzoeksproject is er internationaal interesse getoond in dit onderwerp. Met behulp van deze Top-up subsidie wil het lectoraat Netwerkcultuur met een gedeelte van het consortium haar grenzen verleggen, door niet alleen haar huidige onderzoek te valoriseren, maar ook nieuwe onderzoeksvragen te adresseren. Het lectoraat wil zijn internationale netwerk bestendigen onder andere door middel van het aanvragen van een Europese subsidie, nieuwe onderzoeksvragen te formuleren en beantwoorden, nieuwe samenwerkingsverbanden aan gaan met hogescholen/universiteiten en partijen uit het werkveld. Het schrijven van een internationale Europese subsidie aanvraag kost vaak veel tijd. Met name het afstemmen van inhoudelijke ambities, het formuleren van activiteitenplan, met daarbij de gewenste milestones. Met behulp van Top-up gelden kan het lectoraat een aantal werksessies organiseren waarin een aantal afgevaardigden van het consortium worden uitgenodigd om te werken aan de aanvraag. Zo’n werksessie zou bijvoorbeeld kunnen bestaan uit drie dagen aaneengesloten werken aan de aanvraag. Om de snelheid van het werken tijdens zo’n bijeenkomst zo hoog mogelijk te houden is het van grootste belang dat de juiste mensen aanwezig zijn. Op deze manier kunnen we samen de juiste keuzes maken en waar nodig bijsturen in wat er uiteindelijk moet worden opgeleverd. Inhoudelijk zal de aanvraag een vervolg zijn op het eerder gedane onderzoek binnen het project Digitaal Publiceren Toolkit, en georiënteerd zijn op visueel en experimenteel publiceren. De huidige methodologie werkt goed voor tekstboeken en onderzoeks/theorie uitgaven, maar is nog niet goed toepasbaar op echte visuele publicaties. Deels is er een kennisachterstand ten opzichte van ontwikkelingen die zich nu in niet-Westerse landen spelen (bijvoorbeeld de ongelofelijke boom van 'webtoons' in Zuid Korea), en deels hebben wij ons hier nog niet op kunnen richten met de juiste mensen.
