Zoekresultaten

Het verband tussen ongewenst gedrag en de leerpsychologische basisbehoeften van leerlingen in het voortgezet onderwijs

Er is veel onderzoek gedaan naar de relatie tussen de leerpsychologische basisbehoeften van leerlingen en hun leermotivatie. Er is echter nog nauwelijks gekeken naar de samenhang tussen deze basisbehoeften en uiteenlopende vormen van ongewenst gedrag in de klas, terwijl ongewenst gedrag in de klas wel een grote impact kan hebben op het onderwijs. Inzicht krijgen in de relaties van dergelijk gedrag met andere factoren in de klas is van belang om dit gedrag te voorkomen of te doorbreken. In het voorliggende onderzoek staat de vraag centraal in hoeverre ongewenst gedrag van leerlingen in het voortgezet onderwijs gerelateerd is aan de mate waarin zij percipiëren dat zowel docenten als medeleerlingen hun behoefte vervullen aan competentie, autonomie en verbondenheid. De resultaten laten voor de verschillende schooltypen een significante samenhang zien tussen bepaalde vormen van ongewenst gedrag in de klas en de mate waarin tegemoet wordt gekomen aan deze leerpsychologische basisbehoeften. Bij ongewenst gedrag ten aanzien van schoolwerk en teruggetrokken gedrag spelen zowel docenten als medeleerlingen een rol. Daarnaast spelen docenten vooral een rol bij onvriendelijk gedrag in de klas, terwijl bij delinquent gedrag juist de opstelling van medeleerlingen bepalend is.

There is no blank slate

Heterogeneity in Response during Multisystemic Therapy: Exploring Subgroups and Predictors

Multiple studies have shown that Multisystemic Therapy (MST) is, at group level, an effective treatment for adolescents showing serious externalizing problem behavior. The current study expands previous research on MST by, first, examining whether subgroups of participants who respond differently to treatment could be identified. Second, we investigated if the different trajectories of change during MST could be predicted by individual (hostile attributions) and contextual (parental sense of parenting competence and deviant and prosocial peer involvement) pre-treatment factors. Participants were 147 adolescents (mean age = 15.91 years, 104 (71%) boys) and their parents who received MST. Pre-treatment assessment of the predictors and 5 monthly assessments of externalizing behavior during treatment took place using both adolescent and parents’ self-reports. Six distinct subgroups, showing different trajectories of change in externalizing problem behavior during MST, were identified. Two of the 6 trajectories of change showed a poor treatment response, as one class did not change in externalizing problem behavior and the other class even increased. The remaining 4 trajectories displayed a positive effect of MST, by showing a decrease in externalizing behavior. Most of these trajectories could be predicted by parental sense of parenting competence. Additionally, lower involvement with prosocial peers was a predictor of the group that appeared to be resistant to MST. Adolescents do respond differently to MST, which indicates the importance of personalizing treatment. Protective factors, such as parental sense of parenting competence and prosocial peers, seem to require additional attention in the first phase of MST.

Schema therapy for violent PD offenders: a randomized clinical trial

Background. Violent criminal offenders with personality disorders (PD’s) can cause immense harm, but are often deemed untreatable. This study aimed to conduct a randomized clinical trial to test the effectiveness of long-term psychotherapy for rehabilitating offenders with PDs. Methods. We compared schema therapy (ST), an evidence-based psychotherapy for PDs, to treatment-as-usual (TAU) at eight high-security forensic hospitals in the Netherlands. Patients in both conditions received multiple treatment modalities and differed only in the individual, study-specific therapy they received. One-hundred-three male offenders with antisocial, narcissistic, borderline, or paranoid PDs, or Cluster B PD-not-otherwise specified, were assigned to 3 years of ST or TAU and assessed every 6 months. Primary outcomes were rehabilitation, involving gradual reintegration into the community, and PD symptoms. Results. Patients in both conditions showed moderate to large improvements in outcomes. ST was superior to TAU on both primary outcomes – rehabilitation (i.e. attaining supervised and unsupervised leave) and PD symptoms – and six of nine secondary outcomes, with small to moderate advantages over TAU. ST patients moved more rapidly through rehabilitation (supervised leave, treatment*time: F(5308) = 9.40, p < 0.001; unsupervised leave, treatment*- time: F(5472) = 3.45, p = 0.004), and showed faster improvements on PD scales (treatment*- time: t(1387) = −2.85, p = 0.005). Conclusions. These findings contradict pessimistic views on the treatability of violent offenders with PDs, and support the effectiveness of long-term psychotherapy for rehabilitating these patients, facilitating their re-entry into the community

A Case Report for Diagnosing Anxiety in People With Intellectual Disability: The Role of Nurses in the Application of a Multidimensional Diagnostic Guideline

The purpose of this article is the presentation of a multidimensional guideline for the diagnosis of anxiety and anxiety-related behavior problems in people with intellectual disability (ID), with a substantial role for the nurse in this diagnostic process. DESIGN AND METHODS:  The guideline is illustrated by a case report of a woman with ID with severe problems. FINDINGS:  It appears that a multidimensional diagnostic approach involving multidisciplinary team efforts can result in a more accurate diagnosis and improved subsequent treatment. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS:  Nurses should be engaged in the diagnostic process because of their ability to make direct observations and to actively participate in carrying out all parts of the guideline.

From grey to green infrastructure in a changing climate

Communities worldwide are critically re-examining their seasonal cultures and calendars. As cultural frameworks, seasons have long patterned community life and provided repertoires for living by annual rhythms. In a chaotic world, the seasons - winter, the monsoon and so on - can feel like stable cultural landmarks for reckoning time and orienting our communities. Seasons are rooted in our pasts and reproduced in our present. They act as schemes for synchronising community activities and professional practices, and as symbol systems for interpreting what happens in the world. But on closer inspection, seasons can be unstable and unreliable. Their meanings can change over time. Seasonal cultures evolve with environments and communities’ worldviews, values, technologies and practices, affecting how people perceive seasonal patterns and behave accordingly. Calendars are contested, especially now. Communities today find themselves in a moment of accelerated and intersecting changes - from climate to social, political, and technological - that are destabilizing seasonal cultures. How they reorient themselves to shifting patterns may affect whether seasonal rhythms serve as resources, or lead people down maladaptive pathways. A focus on seasonal cultures builds on multi-disciplinary work. The social sciences, from anthropology to sociology, have long studied how seasons order people’s sense of time, social life, relationship to the environment, and politics. In the humanities, seasons play an important role in literature, art, archaeology and history. This book advances scholarship in these fields, and enriches it with extrascientific insights from practice, to open up exiting new directions in climate adaptation. Critically questions traditional, often-static notions of seasons; re-interpreting them as more flexible, cultural frameworks adapting to changes to our societies and environments.