Project objectives Radicalisation research leads to ethical and legal questions and issues. These issues need to be addressed in way that helps the project progress in ethically and legally acceptable manner. Description of Work The legal analysis in SAFIRE addressed questions such as which behavior associated with radicalisation is criminal behaviour. The ethical issues were addressed throughout the project in close cooperation between the ethicists and the researchers using a method called ethical parallel research. Results A legal analysis was made about criminal law and radicalisation. During the project lively discussions were held in the research team about ethical issues. An ethical justification for interventions in radicalisation processes has been written. With regard to research ethics: An indirect informed consent procedure for interviews with (former) radicals has been designed. Practical guidelines to prevent obtaining information that could lead to indirect identification of respondents were developed.
The EU Maritime Spatial Planning Directive (MSPD) requires the member states (MS) to pursue Blue Growth while ensuring good environmental status (GES) of sea areas. An ecosystem-based approach (EBA) should be used for the integration of the aims. However, the MSPD does not specify how the MS should arrange their MSP governance, which has led to a variety of governance arrangements and solutions in addressing the aims. We analysed the implementation of the MSPD in Finland, to identify conditions that may enable or constrain the integration of Blue Growth and GES in the framework of EBA. MSP in Finland is an expert-driven regionalized approach with a legally non-binding status. The results suggest that this MSP framework supports the implementation of EBA in MSP. Yet, unpredictability induced by the non-binding status of MSP, ambiguity of the aims of MSP and of the concept of EBA, and the need to pursue economic viability in the coastal municipalities may threaten the consistency of MSP in both spatial and temporal terms. Developing MSP towards a future-oriented adaptive and collaborative approach striving for social learning could improve the legitimacy of MSP and its capacity to combine Blue Growth and GES. The analysis indicates, that in the delivery of successful MSP adhering to the principles of EBA should permeate all levels of governance. The study turns attention to the legal status of MSP as a binding or non-binding planning instrument and the role the legal status plays in facilitating or constraining predictability and adaptability required in MSP.
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Transboundary conservation has an important, yet often undervalued, role in the international conservation regime. When applied to the legally ambiguous and interconnected marine environment this is magnified. The lack of clear guidance for transboundary marine conservation from the international conservation community exacerbates this problem, leaving individual initiatives to develop their own governance arrangements. Yet, well-managed transboundary marine protected areas (MPAs) have the potential to contribute significantly to global conservation aims. Conversely, in a period where there is increasing interest in marine resources and space from all sectors, the designation of MPAs can create or amplify a regional conflict. In some instances, states have used MPAs to extend rights over disputed marine resources, restrict the freedom of others and establish sovereignty over maritime space. Six case studies were taken from Europe, North Africa and the Middle East to illustrate how states have interpreted and utilized different legislative mechanisms to either come together or diverge over the governance of marine resources or maritime space. Each of the case studies illustrates how different actors have used the same legislative tools, but with different interpretations and applications, to justify their claims. It is clear that the role of science combined with a deeper engagement with stakeholders can play a critical role in tempering conflict between states. Where states are willing to cooperate, the absence of clear guidelines at the global level means that often ad hoc measures are put into place, with the international frameworks then playing catch up. Balancing different jurisdictional claims with the conservation of the marine environment, whilst considering the increasing special economic interests will become increasingly difficult. Developing a transboundary conservation tool, such as the simple conservation caveats found in the Barcelona Convention and Antarctic Convention, which allow for the establishment of intergovernmental cooperation without prejudicing any outstanding jurisdictional issue, would provide a framework for the development of individual transboundary MPAs.
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Dit RAAK-mkb project wordt uitgevoerd onder leiding van het Lectoraat Maritieme Innovatieve Technieken dat verbonden is aan de Stichting Noordelijke Hogeschool Leeuwarden (NHL). Aanleiding van dit RAAK-mkb project is een in 2013-2014 uitgevoerde studie naar de relatie tussen maritieme wet- en regelgeving en de werkdruk aan boord van schepen. De steeds groter wordende hoeveelheid wet- en regelgeving heeft een grote impact op de werkdruk aan boord van schepen, en met name bij mkb-reders , komt deze werkdruk direct terecht bij de kapitein/eigenaar. De steeds toenemende hoeveelheid administratief werk, ten gevolge van diverse, en steeds toenemende, wet en regelgeving, wordt als een grote belasting in het dagelijks werk ervaren. Nederlandse kapiteins geven zelfs aan te overwegen het beroep te verlaten vanwege de alsmaar toenemende administratieve lasten. Vanuit de NHL en het Lectoraat Maritieme Innovatieve Technieken zijn diverse samenwerkingsverbanden met het Maritieme mkb aanwezig. Vanuit onder meer de samenwerking via het RAAK-mkb project ?Integrale energiebesparing zeescheepvaart? dat recent (januari 2014) is afgesloten en het recent gestarte RAAK-mkb project "Port state control" onderzoek: Naar minder aanhoudingen Nederlandse schepen" (projectnummer: 2014-01-28M) zijn diverse signalen ontvangen betreffende de hoeveelheid wet- en regelgeving, de hiermee samenhangende inspecties en controles en de hoeveelheid administratieve . Onder leiding van maritiem juridisch expert mevr. W. van der Velde LL.M Ph.D, werkzaam bij de NHL, wordt dit RAAK project uitgevoerd aan de hand van de volgende centrale onderzoeksvraag: Met welke innovatieve organisatorische en technische oplossingen kunnen wij de administratieve belasting ten gevolge van wet- en regelgeving voor Nederlandse zeevarenden binnen met name het Maritieme mkb verminderen? De NHL, HvA, HZ en Stenden tezamen met een breed consortium van betrokken partijen, beogen door het uitvoeren van twee jaar praktijkgericht onderzoek met en bij mkb-ondernemers concrete oplossingen voor de sector te kunnen ontwikkelen. Uniek is hierbij de multidisciplinaire benadering vanuit het HBO. Studenten van verschillende HBO studierichtingen zoals o.a.; bedrijfskunde, rechten, maritiem officier en communicatie worden uitgenodigd onderzoek uit te voeren in het Maritieme werkveld waardoor ook kennis vanuit andere opleidingen wordt gedeeld en bijbehorende expertise beschikbaar wordt voor het Maritieme mkb in Nederland.
