Not much is known about the etiology, or development, of deviant sexual interests. The aim of this systematic review was to provide a broad overview of current theories on the etiology of sexual deviance. We conducted a systematic search of the databases PubMed and APA PsycInfo (EBSCO). Studies were included when they discussed a theory regarding the etiology or development of sexual deviance. Included studies were assessed on quality criteria for good theories. Common etiological themes were extracted using thematic analysis. We included 47 theories explaining sexual deviance in general as well as various specific deviant sexual interests, such as pedophilia and sadism/masochism. Few theories (k = 7) were of acceptable quality as suggested by our systematic assessment of quality criteria for good theories (QUACGOT). These theories indicated that deviant sexual interests may develop as the result of an interplay of various factors: excitation transfer between emotions and sexual arousal, conditioning, problems with “normative” sexuality, and social learning. Neurobiological findings could not be included as no acceptable quality neurobiological theories could be retrieved. The important roles of excitation transfer and conditioning designate that dynamic, changeable processes take part in the etiology of sexual deviance. These same processes could potentially be deployed to diminish unwanted deviant sexual interests.
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Indecent exposure is often regarded as a nuisance offense and detailed studies into this topic are relatively rare. However, there is consensus that relatively high recidivism rates and risk of escalation to more severe offenses can be of serious concern among these perpetrators. This cohort study aims to increase our general knowledge on the basic characteristics of these offenses and includes all registered police cases of indecent exposure in the Netherlands between 2012 and 2020, including 6741 incidents, involving 4663 suspects and 3808 registered victims. This first study of a large cohort over a long period of time describes the basic characteristics of these incidents, the perpetrators and their victims, and visualizes the results to explore trends over time. Results show that a modal indecent exposure incident is perpetrated by a 25-year-old male, on foot, on a public road, on a Wednesday afternoon in July, masturbating and directing his genitals intentionally toward a 13-year-old girl. The age distribution of victims shows remarkable similarity to victims of sexual assault. Compared to the first year of the period studied, the number of annually reported incidents gradually declined to half in the last year of the study. Findings are discussed in light of the most prominent theories on exhibitionism. Issues and suggestions relevant to apprehension and treatment of perpetrators are identified and discussed.
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Er verschijnen doorgaans minder vrouwen dan mannen voor de rechter en het overgrote deel van de justitiële en forensisch psychiatrische instellingen wordt bevolkt door mannen. In de literatuur naar voorspellers van crimineel gedrag komt ‘man zijn’ steevast naar voren als één van de sterkste voorspellers. Hoewel vrouwen en meisjes een duidelijke minderheid vormen binnen justitiële en forensische psychiatrische instellingen (tussen de 6 en 10%), lijkt hun aandeel in de criminaliteit de laatste 20 jaar toe te nemen. Wereldwijd wordt gezien dat er meer vrouwen worden veroordeeld en gedetineerd of opgenomen in de forensische zorg (zie de Vogel & Nicholls, 2016; Walmsley, 2015). De laatste jaren is er dan ook beduidend meer aandacht gekomen voor de vrouw als dader.1 Het meeste onderzoek naar criminologische en forensisch psychologische vraagstukken is echter nog altijd verricht binnen mannelijke populaties. De vraag is dan ook of de huidige theoretische en empirische kennis over mannelijke daders wel voldoende van toepassing is op vrouwelijke daders en wat mogelijke verschillen betekenen voor de sanctietoepassing.
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