We investigate whether the automatic generation of questions from an ontology leads to a trustworthy determination of a situation. With our Situation Awareness Question Generator (SAQG) we automatically generate questions from an ontology. The experiment shows that people with no previous experience can characterize hectic situations rather fast and trustworthy. When humans are participating as a sensor to gather information it is important to use basic concepts of perception and thought.
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Pedagogical approaches often assume fixed ontological positions, such as teacher-centered, curriculum-centered, child-centered, or world-centered perspectives, which tend to overlook the complexity of educational practice. These approaches limit educators’ ability to adaptively shift between diverse aims, including cognitive development, individual flourishing, social learning, and critical emancipation. This scoping review explores the potential of Object-Oriented Ontology (OOO) to introduce ontological flexibility into pedagogical discourse and practice, by addressing the research question: what is known on the integration of OOO into the field of pedagogy? A search was conducted across five databases: ERIC, Education Research Complete, Academic Search Complete, Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection, and Teacher Reference Center. Analysis of eleven included studies, published between 2011 and 2022, reveals that pedagogical practice is undesirably reduced when the ontological position is predetermined. Instead, educational practice consists of multiple irreducible objects, such as students, teachers, curricula, technologies, educational processes, methods, facts. The findings support the development of an adaptive pedagogical approach in which educational purpose emerges through the systematic comparison of objects, rather than predefined by approaches. OOO provides a framework for practitioners to imagine practices in which learning and self-realization unfold through shared participation in meaningful objects.
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Using an ontology to automatically generate questions for ordinary people requires a structure and concepts com- pliant with human thought. Here we present methods to develop a pragmatic, expert-based and a basic-level ontology and a framework to evaluate these ontologies. Comparing these ontologies shows that expert-based ontologies are most easy to con- struct but lack required cognitive semantic characteristics. Basic-level ontologies have structure and concepts which are better in terms of cognitive semantics but are most expensive to construct.
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In this paper we present an experiment which has been performed to validate a pragmatic-based, expert-based and basic-level ontology. These ontologies were created for use in an application which generates questions for ordinary people with the purpose to determine a crisis situation. All three ontologies have specific characteristics related to their method of creation. This experiment shows that using the basic-level ontology results in the fastest and least ambiguous determination of a crisis situation.
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Purpose People with dementia (PwD) often present Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia, which include agitation, apathy, and wandering amongst others, also known as challenging behaviors (CBs). These CBs worsen the quality of life (QoL) of the PwD and are a major source/reason of (increased) caregiver burden. The intricate nature of the symptoms implies that there is no “one size fits all solution”, and necessitates tailored approaches for both PwDs and caregivers. To timely prevent these behaviors assistive technology can be utilized to guide caregivers by enabling remote monitoring of contextual, environmental, and behavioral parameters, and subsequently alarming nurses on early-stage behavioral changes prior to the presentation of CBs. Eventually, the system should propose an intervention/action to prevent escalation. In turn, improvement in QoL for both caregivers and PwD living in nursing homes (NHs) is expected. In the current project “MOnitoring Onbegrepen Gedrag bij Dementie met sensortechnologie” (MOOD-Sense), we aim to develop such a monitoring system. The strengths of this new monitoring system lie in its ability to align with the individual needs of the PwD, utilization of a combination of wearables and ambient sensors to obtain contextual data, such as location or sound, and predict or monitor CBs individually rather than in groups, thus facilitating person-centered care, based on ontological reasoning. The project is divided into three parts, Toolbox A, B and C. Toolbox A focuses on obtaining insight in which behaviors are challenging according to nurses and how they are described. Previous studies utilize clinical terminology to describe or classify behavior, we aim to employ concrete descriptions of behavior that are observable and independent of clinical terminology, aligning with nurses who are often the first to notice behavior and can be operationalized such that it can also be aligned with sensor data. As a result, an ontology will be developed based on the data such that sensor data can be integrated into the same conceptual information that standardizes the communication in our monitoring system. Toolbox B focuses on translating data coming from various sensors into the concepts expressed in the ontology, and timely communicate situations of interest to the caregivers. In Toolbox C the focus is exploring interventions/actions employed in practice to prevent CBs. Method In Toolbox A we used a qualitative approach to collect descriptions of CBs. For this purpose, we employed focus groups (FGs) with nursing staff who provide daily care to PwD. In Toolbox B pilot studies were conducted. A set of experiments using sensors in NHs were performed. During each pilot, multiple PwD with CBs in NHs were monitored with both ambient and wearables sensors. The pilots were iteratively approached, which means that insights from previous pilot studies were used to improve consecutive pilot studies. Lastly, the elaboration of Toolbox C is ongoing. Results and Discussion Regarding Toolbox A four FGs were conducted during the period from January 2023 to May 2024. Each FG was comprised of four nurses (n = 16). From the FGs we gained insights into behavioral descriptions and the context of CBs. Although data analysis has to be performed yet, there are indications that changes preceding CBs can be observed, such as frowning or clenching fists for agitation or aggression. Further results will be available soon. Regarding Toolbox B a monitoring system, based on sensors, is developed iteratively (see Figure 1) and piloted in three consecutive NHs from January 2021 to December 2023. Each pilot was comprised of two PwD (n = 6). Analysis of sensor data is ongoing.
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Small and medium-sized businesses (SMBs) face unique challenges in developing AI-enabled products and services, with traditional innovation processes proving too resource-intensive and poorly adapted to AI's complexities. Following design science research methodology, this paper introduces Innovation Process for AI-enabled Products and Services (IPAPS), a framework specifically designed for SMBs developing AI-enabled solutions. Built on a semi-formal ontology that synthesizes literature on innovation processes, technology development frameworks, and AI-specific challenges, IPAPS guides organizations through five structured phases from use case identification to market launch. The framework integrates established innovation principles with AI-specific requirements while emphasizing iterative development through agile, lean startup, and design thinking approaches. Through polar theoretical sampling, we conducted ex-post analysis of two contrasting cases. Analysis revealed that the successful case naturally aligned with IPAPS principles, while the unsuccessful case showed significant deviations, providing preliminary evidence supporting IPAPS as a potentially valid innovation process for resource-constrained organizations.
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Traditional information systems for crisis response and management are centralized systems with a rigid hierarchical structure. Here we propose a decentralized system, which allows citizens to play a significant role as information source and/or as helpers during the initial stages of a crisis. In our approach different roles are assigned to citizens. To be able to designate the different roles automatically our system needs to generate appropriate questions. On the basis of information theory and a restricted role ontology we formalized the process of question generation. Three consecutive experiments were conducted with human users to evaluate to what extent the questioning process resulted in appropriate role determination. The result showed that the mental model of human users does not always comply with the formal model underpinning the questions generation process.
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