We present a novel anomaly-based detection approach capable of detecting botnet Command and Control traffic in an enterprise network by estimating the trustworthiness of the traffic destinations. A traffic flow is classified as anomalous if its destination identifier does not origin from: human input, prior traffic from a trusted destination, or a defined set of legitimate applications. This allows for real-time detection of diverse types of Command and Control traffic. The detection approach and its accuracy are evaluated by experiments in a controlled environment.
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PURPOSE: To study the preliminary effects and feasibility of the “Traffic Light Method for somatic screening and lifestyle” (TLM) in patients with severe mental illness. DESIGN AND METHODS: A pilot study using a quasi-experimental mixed method design with additional content analyses of lifestyle plans and logbooks. FINDINGS: Significant improvements were found in body weight and waist circumference. Positive trends were found in patients’ subjective evaluations of the TLM. The implementation of the TLM was considered feasible. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: The TLM may contribute to a higher quality of care regarding somatic screening and lifestyle training.
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Citizen participation in local renewable energy projects is often promoted as many suppose it to be a panacea for the difficulties that are involved in the energy transition process. Quite evidently, it is not; there is a wide variety of visions, ideologies and interests related to an ‘energy transition’. Such a variety is actually a precondition for a stakeholder participation process, as stakeholder participation only makes sense if there is ‘something at stake’. Conflicting viewpoints, interests and debates are the essence of participation. The success of stakeholder participation implies that these differences are acknowledged, and discussed, and that this has created mutual understanding among stakeholders. It does not necessarily create ‘acceptance’. Renewable energy projects often give rise to local conflict. The successful implementation of local renewable energy systems depends on the support of the local social fabric. While at one hand decisions to construct wind turbines in specific regions trigger local resistance, the opposite also occurs! Solar parks sometimes create a similar variation: Various communities try to prevent the construction of solar parks in their vicinity, while other communities proudly present their parks. Altogether, local renewable energy initiatives create a rather chaotic picture, if regarded from the perspective of government planning. However, if we regard the successes, it appears the top down initiatives are most successful in areas with a weak social fabric, like industrial areas, or rather recently reclaimed land. Deeply rooted communities, virtually only have successful renewable energy projects that are more or less bottom up initiatives. This paper will first sketch why participation is important, and present a categorisation of processes and procedures that could be applied. It also sketches a number of myths and paradoxes that might occur in participation processes. ‘Compensating’ individuals and/or communities to accept wind turbines or solar parks is not sufficient to gain ‘acceptance’. A basic feature of many debates on local renewable energy projects is about ‘fairness’. The implication is that decision-making is neither on pros and cons of various renewable energy technologies as such, nor on what citizens are obliged to accept, but on a fair distribution of costs and benefits. Such discussions on fairness cannot be short cut by referring to legal rules, scientific evidence, or to standard financial compensations. History plays a role as old feelings of being disadvantaged, both at individual and at group level, might re-emerge in such debates. The paper will provide an overview of various local controversies on renewable energy initiatives in the Netherlands. It will argue that an open citizen participation process can be organized to work towards fair decisions, and that citizens should not be addressed as greedy subjects, trying to optimise their own private interests, but as responsible persons.
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The Netherlands is one of the most densely populated countries in Europe. Despite the excellent road network, The Netherlands is confronted with this density on a daily basis: the negative impact of traffic jams and incidents on travel times is growing by 38% the next 5 years. VIA NOVA will lay the necessary foundation for the next step of technological developments to overcome these negative impacts of congestion in future. This next step in technological developments is called Talking Traffic. Vehicles will communicate directly with the infrastructure and other road users and vice versa. The potential with respect to congestion reduction is big, because traffic can be managed more directly. To reach this potential, Talking Traffic relies to a large extent on (big)data already available in modern cars: data of sensors, navigation, etc. However, the problem is data usage in terms of quality and variety among car-brands. The partners stressed the fact that besides technical requirements: data deployment quality, code of practice and a guideline, research should also address business requirements. Without a clear view on quality variations and demands with respect to quality, the data cannot be used effectively. VIA NOVA researches the following issues, o quality and quantity of data from cars o needed quality and quantity of data from cars in Talking Traffic use cases o big data analysis tools to interpret large quantities of data o business models, privacy and security of data from cars The outcome enables users to judge whether data from cars can be useful to solve specific traffic related problems, which data is than to be used, which quality of data is needed and finally the quantity of the needed data. With this measure Talking Traffic can be deployed more effectively resulting in more reduction of congestion.