The emergence of organic planning practices in the Netherlands introduces new, non-conventional, local actors initiating bottom-up urban developments. Dissatisfied with conventional practices and using opportunities during the 2008 financial crisis, these actors aim to create social value, thus challenging prevailing institutions. Intrigued by such actors becoming more present and influential in urban planning and development processes, we aim to identify who they are. We use social entrepreneurship and niche formation theories to analyse and identify three types of social entrepreneurs. The first are early pioneers, adopting roles of a developer and end-user, but lacking position and power to realize goals. Secondly, by acting as boundary spanners and niche entrepreneurs, they evolve towards consolidated third sector organizations in the position to realize developments. A third type are intermediate agents facilitating developments as boundary spanners and policy entrepreneurs, without pursuing urban development themselves but aiming at realizing broader policy goals. Our general typology provides a rich picture of actors involved in bottom-up urban developments by applying theories from domains of innovation management and business transition management to urban planning and development studies. It shows that the social entrepreneurs in bottom-up urban development can be considered the result of social innovation, but this social innovation is set within a neoliberal context, and in many cases passively or actively conditioned by states and markets.
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Background: Due to demographic transitions and budget restraints, it is now necessary to search for comprehensive new strategies, in order to constitute a sustainable healthcare system. Recently, various online care platforms for community-dwelling older adults were introduced in several European countries. These platforms have aimed at solidifying social cohesion in the community, so as to support the older adults in coordinating or managing their care and to enhance the self-reliance of these older adults. Consequently, these platforms might contribute to a more sustainable healthcare system. The main research question of this study was twofold: Which online care platforms for older adults are available in the Netherlands and what are their characteristics? Methods: The researchers have performed a scoping review of the online care platforms in the Netherlands, according to the six steps of Arksey & O’Malley (2005), which were as follows: (1) Identifying the research question; (2) Identifying any relevant studies; (3) Selecting the studies; (4) Charting the data; (5) Collating, summarising and reporting on the results; together with (6) consultations with the relevant stakeholders. The study searched for evidence in online scientific databases (Phase 1) and on the Internet (Phase 2). The relevant studies that were published between February 2012 and October 2017 were included. Results: The review resulted in an overview of 21 care platforms, for which 3 types were identified: (1) Community Care Platforms; (2) Care Network Platforms; and (3) System Integrator Platforms. Conclusion: This typology of platforms can guide users – for instance, older adults, care professionals, informal caregivers and municipalities, in choosing a suitable care platform, i.e. the typology gives users insight into the functionalities, goals and target groups which allows them to choose a platform that matches their needs. As far as the authors know, no studies have previously reported on the effects of the online care platforms for older adults in the Netherlands, so further research is required on their impacts and on their benefits.
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In software architecture, the Layers pattern is commonly used. When this pattern is applied, the responsibilities of a software system are divided over a number of layers and the dependencies between the layers are limited. This may result in benefits like improved analyzability, reusability and portability of the system. However, many layered architectures are poorly designed and documented. This paper proposes a typology and a related approach to assign responsibilities to software layers. The Typology of Software Layer Responsibility (TSLR) gives an overview of responsibility types in the software of business information systems; it specifies and exemplifies these responsibilities and provides unambiguous naming. A complementary instrument, the Responsibility Trace Table (RTT), provides an overview of the TSLR-responsibilities assigned to the layers of a case-specific layered design. The instruments aid the design, documentation and review of layered software architectures. The application of the TSLR and RTT is demonstrated in three cases.
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How can European migration, between countries and within countries between regions, contribute to the development of vulnerable regions in Europe? This is the central question of project Premium_EU (Policy REcommendations to Maximise the beneficial Impact of Unexplored Mobilities in and beyond the European Union), which is financed by Horizon Europe.The key goal of Premium_EU is the development of a Regional Policy Dashboard for national and regional policy makers to help them in the formulation of new policies aimed at the potential of migration to enhance the development of vulnerable regions. The Dashboard combines all available knowledge of three domains in three modules: the Mobility Module, the Regional Development Effects Module, and the Policy Module.The Mobility Module includes both past trends and projections and scenarios, in addition to new mobility estimates based on data from social media usage, such as LinkedIn and Facebook. The module also includes qualitative information from case studies on specific types of mobility groups, such as Polish seasonal workers, or Turkish migrants to EU countries. These trends, projections and case studies will be summarized in a regional typology on the basis of the mobility profile of the region.In the Regional Development Effects Module all available data on regional development is summarized in a regional development typology, where regional development is interpreted much broader than economic development. Using causal models the role of regional mobility in regional development will be established.In the Policy Module all possible forms of regional policies will be collected and linked to the mobility- and regional development characteristics of the region.The Dashboard integrates these modules so that a policy maker, on the basis of the unique mobility and regional development profile of his or her region is able to make an evidence based choice out of a relevant set of policy options. Users of the Dashboard will also be able to add their experiences to the Dashboard, so that other users can benefit from their knowledge.
