An overview of whole body scanners in 1998 (H.A.M. Daanen, G.J. Van De Water. Whole body scanners, Displays 19 (1998) 111–120) shortly after they emerged to the market revealed that the systems were bulky, slow, expensive and low in resolution. This update shows that new developments in sensing and processing technology, in particular in structured light scanners, have produced a new generation of easy to transport, fast, inexpensive, accurate and high resolution scanners. The systems are now moving to the consumer market with high impact for the garment industry. Since the internet sales of garments is rapidly increasing, information on body dimensions become essential to guarantee a good fit, and 3D scanners are expected to play a major role.
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Lectorale rede bij de aanvaarding van het ambt van lector Medische Technologie Medische Technologie is een zeer breed begrip dat reikt van infuuspompen tot operatierobots tot lineaire versnellers, et cetera. In het vorige hoofdstuk is al uit de doeken gedaan waar het lectoraat Medische Technologie zich specifiek op richt: medische beeldvorming, radiotherapie en ICT in de zorg. Dat is bij elkaar een zeer breed vakgebied waarvan het lectoraat niet alle facetten kan bestrijken. Daarom richt het lectoraat zich op ontwikkelingen op die terreinen die belangrijke veranderingen in het werkproces teweeg kunnen brengen. Dat zijn de onderwerpen die van belang zijn voor de toekomstige Zorgprofessional 2.0. Hieronder worden de verschillende vakgebieden nader geïntroduceerd en er worden een aantal voor de Zorgprofessional 2.0 belangrijke historische trends beschreven. Samenvattend kan gesteld worden dat het lectoraat Medische Technologie zich heeft ontwikkeld van een specialistisch op radiotherapie gericht lectoraat, naar een breder op medische beeldvorming, radiotherapie, ICT in de zorg en eHealth georiënteerd lectoraat dat op diverse, met name gezondheidszorggerelateerde, terreinen een bijdrage levert aan de opleidingen van Hogeschool Inholland. De bijdrage van het lectoraat Medische Technologie heeft daarbij als doel afstudeerders van diverse studierichtingen op te leiden tot wat in deze rede wordt aangeduid met Zorgprofessional 2.0. Hiermee wordt in deze rede een beroepsbeoefenaar bedoeld die openstaat voor (ICT/technische) innovatie, die zorgconsumenten daarover kan adviseren en die innovatie in de beroepspraktijk weet te implementeren. Praktijkgericht onderzoek speelt daarbij een centrale rol: het draagt bij aan de onderzoekende blik van de Zorgprofessional 2.0, aan het up-to-date houden van de kennis van docenten en studenten en aan de verbinding met het werkveld.
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The inefficiency of maintaining static and long-lasting safety zones in environments where actual risks are limited is likely to increase in the coming decades, as autonomous systems become more common and human workers fewer in numbers. Nevertheless, an uncompromising approach to safety remains paramount, requiring the introduction of novel methods that are simultaneously more flexible and capable of delivering the same level of protection against potentially hazardous situations. We present such a method to create dynamic safety zones, the boundaries of which can be redrawn in real-time, taking into account explicit positioning data when available and using conservative extrapolation from last known location when information is missing or unreliable. Simulation and statistical methods were used to investigate performance gains compared to static safety zones. The use of a more advanced probabilistic framework to further improve flexibility is also discussed, although its implementation would not offer the same level of protection and is currently not recommended.
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This review offers a detailed examination of the current landscape of radio frequency (RF) electromagnetic field (EMF) assessment tools, ranging from spectrum analyzers and broadband field meters to area monitors and custom-built devices. The discussion encompasses both standardized and non-standardized measurement protocols, shedding light on the various methods employed in this domain. Furthermore, the review highlights the prevalent use of mobile apps for characterizing 5G NR radio network data. A growing need for low-cost measurement devices is observed, commonly referred to as “sensors” or “sensor nodes”, that are capable of enduring diverse environmental conditions. These sensors play a crucial role in both microenvironmental surveys and individual exposures, enabling stationary, mobile, and personal exposure assessments based on body-worn sensors, across wider geographical areas. This review revealed a notable need for cost-effective and long-lasting sensors, whether for individual exposure assessments, mobile (vehicle-integrated) measurements, or incorporation into distributed sensor networks. However, there is a lack of comprehensive information on existing custom-developed RF-EMF measurement tools, especially in terms of measuring uncertainty. Additionally, there is a need for real-time, fast-sampling solutions to understand the highly irregular temporal variations EMF distribution in next-generation networks. Given the diversity of tools and methods, a comprehensive comparison is crucial to determine the necessary statistical tools for aggregating the available measurement data.
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Background To gain insight into the role of plantar intrinsic foot muscles in fall-related gait parameters in older adults, it is fundamental to assess foot muscles separately. Ultrasonography is considered a promising instrument to quantify the strength capacity of individual muscles by assessing their morphology. The main goal of this study was to investigate the intra-assessor reliability and measurement error for ultrasound measures for the morphology of selected foot muscles and the plantar fascia in older adults using a tablet-based device. The secondary aim was to compare the measurement error between older and younger adults and between two different ultrasound machines. Methods Ultrasound images of selected foot muscles and the plantar fascia were collected in younger and older adults by a single operator, intensively trained in scanning the foot muscles, on two occasions, 1–8 days apart, using a tablet-based and a mainframe system. The intra-assessor reliability and standard error of measurement for the cross-sectional area and/or thickness were assessed by analysis of variance. The error variance was statistically compared across age groups and machines. Results Eighteen physically active older adults (mean age 73.8 (SD: 4.9) years) and ten younger adults (mean age 21.9 (SD: 1.8) years) participated in the study. In older adults, the standard error of measurement ranged from 2.8 to 11.9%. The ICC ranged from 0.57 to 0.97, but was excellent in most cases. The error variance for six morphology measures was statistically smaller in younger adults, but was small in older adults as well. When different error variances were observed across machines, overall, the tablet-based device showed superior repeatability. Conclusions This intra-assessor reliability study showed that a tablet-based ultrasound machine can be reliably used to assess the morphology of selected foot muscles in older adults, with the exception of plantar fascia thickness. Although the measurement errors were sometimes smaller in younger adults, they seem adequate in older adults to detect group mean hypertrophy as a response to training. A tablet-based ultrasound device seems to be a reliable alternative to a mainframe system. This advocates its use when foot muscle morphology in older adults is of interest.
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Assistive technology supports maintenance or improvement of an individual’s functioning and independence, though for people in need the access to assistive products is not always guaranteed. This paper presents a generic quality framework for assistive technology service delivery that can be used independent of the setting, context, legislative framework, or type of technology. Based on available literature and a series of discussions among the authors, a framework was developed. It consists of 7 general quality criteria and four indicators for each of these criteria. The criteria are: accessibility; competence; coordination; efficiency; flexibility; user centeredness, and infrastructure. This framework can be used at a micro level (processes around individual users), meso level (the service delivery scheme or programme) or at a macro level (the whole country). It aims to help identify in an easy way the main strengths and weaknesses of a system or process, and thus guide possible improvements. As a next step in the development of this quality framework the authors propose to organise a global consultancy process to obtain responses from stakeholders across the world and to plan a number of case studies in which the framework is applied to different service delivery systems and processes in different countries.
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Pressure on natural resources, unsustainable production and consumption, inequality and a growing global population lie at the base of the big challenges that people face. This chapter investigates how businesses can take responsibility in dealing with these challenges by means of frugal business model innovation. The notion of ‘frugal innovation’ was first introduced in the context of emerging markets, giving non-affluent customers opportunities to consume affordable products and services suited to their needs. Business modelling with a frugal mindset opens up a path that provides significant value while minimizing the use of resources such as energy, capital and time. Business models require intentional design if they are to deliver aspired sustainability impacts. Diminish or simplify resources can be described as the means to remove or reduce features, resources, required activities and/or waste streams. Decompose can be described as the removal of resources from the commercial value proposition and replacing them with resources the user/consumer already can access or uses. This is an Accepted Manuscript of a book chapter published by Routledge/CRC Press in Circular Economy : Challenges and Opportunities for Ethical and Sustainable Business on 2021, available online: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780367816650
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This study evaluates the maximum theoretical exposure to radiofrequency (RF) electromag- netic fields (EMFs) from a Fifth-generation (5G) New Radio (NR) base station (BS) while using four commonly used mobile applications: YouTube for video streaming, WhatsApp for voice calls, Instagram for posting pictures and videos, and running a Video game. Three factors that might affect exposure, i.e., distance of the measurement positions from the BS, measurement time, and induced traffic, were examined. Exposure was assessed through both instantaneous and time-averaged extrapolated field strengths using the Maximum Power Extrapolation (MPE) method. The former was calculated for every measured SS-RSRP (Secondary Synchronization Reference Signal Received Power) power sample obtained with a sampling resolution of 1 second, whereas the latter was obtained using a 1-min moving average applied on the applications’ instantaneous extrapolated field strengths datasets. Regarding distance, two measurement positions (MPs) were selected: MP1 at 56 meters and MP2 at 170 meters. Next, considering the measurement time, all mobile application tests were initially set to run for 30 minutes at both MPs, whereas the video streaming test (YouTube) was run for an additional 150 minutes to investigate the temporal evolution of field strengths. Considering the traffic, throughput data vs. both instantaneous and time-averaged extrapolated field strengths were observed for all four mobile applications. In addition, at MP1, a 30-minute test without a User Equipment (UE) device was conducted to analyze exposure levels in the absence of induced traffic. The findings indicated that the estimated field strengths for mobile applications varied. It was observed that distance and time had a more significant impact than the volume of data traffic generated (throughput). Notably, the exposure levels in all tests were considerably lower than the public exposure thresholds set by the ICNIRP guidelines.INDEX TERMS 5G NR, C-band, human exposure assessment, mobile applications, traffic data, maximum extrapolation method, RF-EMF.
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Design educators and industry partners are critical knowledge managers and co-drivers of change, and design graduate and post-graduate students can act as catalysts for new ideas, energy, and perspectives. In this article, we will explore how design advances industry development through the lens of a longitudinal inquiry into activities carried out as part of a Dutch design faculty-industry collaboration. We analyze seventy-five (75) Master of Science (MSc) thesis outcomes and seven (7) Doctorate (PhD) thesis outcomes (five in progress) to identify ways that design activities have influenced advances in the Dutch aviation industry over time. Based on these findings, we then introduce an Industry Design Framework, which organizes the industry/design relationship as a three-layered system. This novel approach to engaging industry in design research and design education has immediate practical value and theoretical significance, both in the present and for future research. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sheji.2019.07.003 LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/christine-de-lille-8039372/
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To understand how transition across different thermal zones in a building impacts the thermal perception of occupants, the current work examines occupant feedback in two work environments — nursing staff in hospital wards and the workers in an office. Both studies used a mix of subjective surveys and objective measurements. A total of 96 responses were collected from the hospital wards while 142 were collected from the office. The thermal environment in the hospital wards was perceived as slightly warm on the ASHRAE thermal sensation scale (mean TSV = 1.2), while the office workers rated their environment on the cool side (mean TSV = 0.15). The results also show that when the transitions were across temperature differences within 2 °C, the thermal perception was not impacted by the magnitude of the temperature difference — as reflected in occupant thermal sensation and thermal comfort/thermal acceptability vote. This would imply that the effect of temperature steps on thermal perception, if any, within these boundaries, was extremely short lived. These findings go towards establishing the feasibility of heterogeneous indoor thermal environments and thermal zoning of workspaces for human comfort.
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