This article investigates possible pathways of habitus change by informal tourism entrepreneurs in Thailand. Bourdieu's concept of habitus is depicted as a person's understanding of the world. Do people adapt their worldview in response to only external stimuli? Through ethnographic fieldwork including participant observations and active semi-structured interviews with 53 participants, this paper identifies a classification of four modes of habitus adaptation: (1) Understanding and appreciating the field and its conditions, (2) Challenging core beliefs systems, (3) Applying a practical sense to ‘objective possibilities’, and, (4) Challenging non-reflective dispositions. We argue that charting the modes of habitus adaptation could help policymakers understand the change processes of informal entrepreneurs in the tourism sector and their willingness to change.
MULTIFILE
Global climate change will result in more extreme heat, drought, and rainfall. The urban environment is particularly vulnerable to these effects. Adaptation to these extreme weather conditions is difficult due to the high complexity of urban land-use patterns and stakeholder configurations. The current practice in the field of urban climate adaptation mainly revolves around the assessment of climatological risks, leaving the question where measures can be implemented under-researched. This study proposes and tests a four-step GIS-based Decision Support Model (DSM) to map the spatial opportunities for adaptation measures in public and private spaces. The DSM was applied to the city of Groningen. The findings revealed that there is a relationship between urban design, climatological risks, and opportunities for adaptation measures, with higher density neighbourhoods showing more opportunities for greening private properties and permeable pavements and lower density neighbourhoods showing opportunities for the implementation of green-blue measures in public space. The application of this DSM can aid urban planners and other stakeholders in mapping spatial opportunities for climate adaptation, that is, allow for more precise site selection for adaptation efforts and for an evaluation of adaptation efforts in different neighbourhood typologies within the urban environment.
Our paper investigates the microfoundations of sustainable entrepreneurship and aims to shed light on trade-offs made in decisions about social, ecological and economic sustainability. Balancing the three dimensions of sustainability (social, ecological and economic) inherently requires choices in which one dimension or another has less optimal outcomes. There is not much known about the rationale that sustainable entrepreneurs use for making such trade-offs. Thus, we ask how does entrepreneurial orientation affect decisions and trade-offs on sustainability impact? Our study is an exploratory, qualitative study of 24 sustainable entrepreneurs. We collected data about entrepreneurial orientation and sustainability trade-offs and held in-depth interviews with a subsample of six firms. We conducted a cluster analysis based on four entrepreneurial orientations (innovativeness, proactiveness, riskiness and futurity) and three sustainability trade-off dimensions (environmental, social and economic). From the findings, we derive a typology of three types of sustainable entrepreneurs: green-conflicted, humanitarian-oriented and holistically-oriented. We uncover salient characteristics and aspects of entrepreneurial orientation in relation to trade-off decisions. We find that the entrepreneurs accept slower economic growth or lower performance in order to maintain the integrity of their social and ecological principles and values.
