IntroductionThe growing availability of data offers plenty of opportunities for data-driven innovation of business models. This certainly applies to interactive mediacompanies. Interactive media companies are engaged in the development, provisioning, and exploitation of interactive media services and applications.Through the service interactions, they may collect large amounts of data which can be used to enhance applications or even define new propositions and business models. According to Lippell (2016), media companies can publish content in more sophisticated ways. They can build a deeper and more engaging customer relationship based on a deeper understanding of their users. Indeed, research from Weill & Woerner (2015) suggests that companies involved in the digitalecosystem that better understand their customers than their average competitor have significantly higher profit margins than their industry averages. Moreover, the same research suggests that businesses need to think more broadly about their position in the ecosystem. Open innovation and collaboration are essential for new growth, for example combining data within and across industries (Parmar et al., 2014). However, according to (Mathis and Köbler, 2016), these opportunities remain largely untapped as especially SMEs lack the knowledge and processes to translate data into attractive propositions and design viable data driven business models (DDBM). In this paper, we investigate how interactive media companies can structurally gain more insight and value from data and how they can develop DDBM. We define a DDBM as a business model relying on data as a key resource (Hartmann et al., 2016).
With the rise of innovation and entrepreneurship as avenues for journalists to take in their search for journalistic work, we need to critically interrogate how these terms are understood. Various journalism institutions are pushing a particular understanding of journalism, and of what constitutes meaningful and innovative journalism. In this paper, we review the literature on these themes and draw on experimental research done by one of the authors to argue for a more process-oriented approach to journalistic innovation and entrepreneurship. As a researcher-maker, one of the authors created an innovative journalistic project and tried to develop a business model for this project. She participated in an accelerator process organised by one of the main funds aimed at journalism innovation in the Netherlands. We show that one existing, and prevalent, understanding of innovation in journalism is one that is linear, rational and outcome-oriented. We challenge this understanding and draw on process-oriented theories of innovation to introduce the concepts of effectuation, improvisation and becoming as new lenses to reconsider these phenomena. These concepts provide clearer insight into the passionate and improvisational nature of doing innovative journalistic work.