Supplemental instruction, also known as Peer Assisted Study Sessions (SI-PASS), is a well-established form of peer learning that has been implemented in higher education institutions across the globe and that coincides with learning gains for participants. While the effects on learning gains have been extensively studied with quasi-experiments, the underlying mechanisms that make SI-PASS effective are less well understood. This study explored what benefits students thought SI-PASS offered and through which mechanisms. We studied this by interviewing 14 students who participated in SI-PASS during a field experiment that reliably found a significant impact of SI-PASS on performance. The students were asked to expand on if and why they thought SI-PASS was effective. Thematic analysis and independent coding indicated an interplay of three main drivers. SI-PASS was experienced as effective because it stimulated the use of effective study techniques and social learning. These drivers were facilitated and enhanced by a pedagogical climate that lowered the threshold to engage in collaborative learning and effective study techniques. These findings could help pinpoint what elements should be highlighted during the preparation of SI-leaders and what aspects should be monitored and tested when implementing or studying SI-PASS.
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Inter)nationally there is discussion about whether auditory processing disorders (APD) should be seen as a unique clinical diagnosis and what is the most appropriate diagnosis and referral of children in this target group. In this context, the Dutch Audiological Centres (AC) have different care pathways for children with so-called unexplained listening difficulties. The purpose of the current document is to provide professionals with tools to identify, diagnose and treat children with listening difficulties. The Dutch Position Statement Children with Listening Difficulties has been developed based on current scientific evidence of listening difficulties, and based on meetings held with professionals. Professionals in the Dutch Audiological Centres have reached a consensus with the following 9 statements: Definition: (1) The target group 'Children with listening difficulties' is not a unique and demonstrable clinical entity. (2) The problems of children with listening difficulties are multimodal. (3) The symptoms of children with listening difficulties may also occur in children with other developmental disorders such as AD(H)D, DLD, dyslexia and learning disorders. Detection and referral: (4) After detection of listening difficulties, children can be referred to a multidisciplinary centre. Diagnostics: (5) When diagnosing a child with listening difficulties, an audiologist, a speech language therapist and a behavioral scientist must be involved. (6) Listening difficulties are initially mapped using patient history (with client-centred focus) and, if available, a validated questionnaire. (7) In the case of children with listening difficulties, a speech-in-noise test is always carried out in addition to the pure tone and speech audiometry (8) The diagnostic procedure for listening difficulties starts from a broad perspective on development. Therapy: (9) For children with listening difficulties, intervention is focused on the client’s needs and focuses on action-oriented practice. This document informs professionals in the Netherlands, who are working with children who are referred because of listening difficulties in the absence of hearing loss, about the current evidence available and about the consensus in the Netherlands.
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Er iets paradoxaals aan de hand met het leren van leraren. De complexiteit van het beroep neemt toe en docenten opereren onder grote onder druk. Die complexiteit vraagt om levenslang lerende leraren en staat tegelijkertijd dat leren in de weg. Terwijl er steeds meer oog is voor de sleutelrol die de leraar speelt bij het ondersteunen van het leren van kinderen (bijv. Hattie, 2003; Muijs et al., 2014; Van de Grift, 2010), wordt het leren van leraren zelf als problematisch gezien. Volgens de Inspectie van het Onderwijs (2013; 2017) laat met name de professionele ontwikkeling van ervaren leraren te wensen over, terwijl er – ook voor hen – veel te leren valt. Immers, de wereld verandert in hoog tempo en dat vraagt leraren om adaptief, innovatief en reflectief te zijn, om snel in te kunnen spelen op nieuwe ontwikkelingen (OECD, 2014). Lang niet alle leraren hebben die wendbaarheid, blijkt uit onderzoek (bijv. Darling-Hammond & Bransford, 2005) en een leven lang leren is geen gemeengoed in het onderwijs (Muijs et al, 2014). In dit discussie-artikel problematiseer ik dit thema en verken ik een oplossingsrichting voor het onder steunen van het leren van leraren: ik bepleit het inzetten van safe havens als kritische succesfactor bij het organiseren van professioneel leren. Druk kan een aanleiding voor leren vormen, maar alleen als leraren voldoende veiligheid ervaren en zich uitgenodigd voelen hun ideeën en praktijken ter discussie te stellenEr iets paradoxaals aan de hand met het leren van leraren. De complexiteit van het beroep neemt toe en docenten opereren onder grote onder druk. Die complexiteit vraagt om levenslang lerende leraren en staat tegelijkertijd dat leren in de weg. Terwijl er steeds meer oog is voor de sleutelrol die de leraar speelt bij het ondersteunen van het leren van kinderen (bijv. Hattie, 2003; Muijs et al., 2014; Van de Grift, 2010), wordt het leren van leraren zelf als problematisch gezien. Volgens de Inspectie van het Onderwijs (2013; 2017) laat met name de professionele ontwikkeling van ervaren leraren te wensen over, terwijl er – ook voor hen – veel te leren valt. Immers, de wereld verandert in hoog tempo en dat vraagt leraren om adaptief, innovatief en reflectief te zijn, om snel in te kunnen spelen op nieuwe ontwikkelingen (OECD, 2014). Lang niet alle leraren hebben die wendbaarheid, blijkt uit onderzoek (bijv. Darling-Hammond & Bransford, 2005) en een leven lang leren is geen gemeengoed in het onderwijs (Muijs et al, 2014). In dit discussie-artikel problematiseer ik dit thema en verken ik een oplossingsrichting voor het onder steunen van het leren van leraren: ik bepleit het inzetten van safe havens als kritische succesfactor bij het organiseren van professioneel leren. Druk kan een aanleiding voor leren vormen, maar alleen als leraren voldoende veiligheid ervaren en zich uitgenodigd voelen hun ideeën en praktijken ter discussie te stellenEr iets paradoxaals aan de hand met het leren van leraren. De complexiteit van het beroep neemt toe en docenten opereren onder grote onder druk. Die complexiteit vraagt om levenslang lerende leraren en staat tegelijkertijd dat leren in de weg. Terwijl er steeds meer oog is voor de sleutelrol die de leraar speelt bij het ondersteunen van het leren van kinderen (bijv. Hattie, 2003; Muijs et al., 2014; Van de Grift, 2010), wordt het leren van leraren zelf als problematisch gezien. Volgens de Inspectie van het Onderwijs (2013; 2017) laat met name de professionele ontwikkeling van ervaren leraren te wensen over, terwijl er – ook voor hen – veel te leren valt. Immers, de wereld verandert in hoog tempo en dat vraagt leraren om adaptief, innovatief en reflectief te zijn, om snel in te kunnen spelen op nieuwe ontwikkelingen (OECD, 2014). Lang niet alle leraren hebben die wendbaarheid, blijkt uit onderzoek (bijv. Darling-Hammond & Bransford, 2005) en een leven lang leren is geen gemeengoed in het onderwijs (Muijs et al, 2014). In dit discussie-artikel problematiseer ik dit thema en verken ik een oplossingsrichting voor het onder steunen van het leren van leraren: ik bepleit het inzetten van safe havens als kritische succesfactor bij het organiseren van professioneel leren. Druk kan een aanleiding voor leren vormen, maar alleen als leraren voldoende veiligheid ervaren en zich uitgenodigd voelen hun ideeën en praktijken ter discussie te stellenTeacher professional learning is characterised by a number of paradoxes. The profession’s increasing complexity requires teachers who are lifelong learners, but at the same time this complexity stands in the way of teacher learning. Whilst there is consensus that teacher quality is key when it comes to supporting pupil learning (e.g. Hattie, 2003; Grift, 2010; Muijs et al., 2014), teacher learning is viewed as problematic, especially regarding that of veteran teachers (Inspectie van het Onderwijs, 2013; 2017). Today’s education requires adaptive, innovative and reflective teachers, equipped to quickly respond to new developments (OECD, 2014) – not an easy feat, and far from reality (DarlingHammond & Bransford, 2005; Muijs et al, 2014). In this article I problematise this theme by connecting professional learning to the teaching profession – a profession that is currently under much pressure. I discuss and propose a design rule that can support teacher learning: I promote organising safe havens as a cricital success factor. Perceived pressure can become a source for learning, only if teachers feel invited to question their ideas and practices. For that first psychological safety needs to be experienced.
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Mate value is an important concept in mate choice research although its operationalization and understanding are limited. Here, we reviewed and evaluated previously established conceptual and methodological approaches measuring mate value and presented original research using individual differences in how people view themselves as a face-valid proxy for mate value in long- and short-term contexts. In data from 41 nations (N = 3895, M age = 24.71, 63% women, 47% single), we tested sex, age, and relationship status effects on self-perceived mate desirability, along with individual differences in the Dark Triad traits, life history strategies, peer-based comparison of desirability, and self-reported mating success. Both sexes indicated more short-term than long-term mate desirability; however, men reported more long-term mate desirability than women, whereas women reported more short-term mate desirability than men. Further, individuals who were in a committed relationship felt more desirable than those who were not. Concerning the cross-sectional stability of mate desirability across the lifespan, in men, short- and long-term desirability rose to the age of 40 and 50, respectively, and decreased afterward. In women, short-term desirability rose to the age of 38 and decreased afterward, whereas long-term desirability remained stable over time. Our results suggest that measuring long- and short-term self-perceived mate desirability reveals predictable correlates.
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Background The experiences of residents who have communication difficulties such as dysphasia are largely absent from the literature. Aim To illuminate the everyday experiences of four residents with severe communication difficulties living in a residential care setting in the Netherlands. Methodology & Methods A collective case study methodology was used. Seventy-five hours of observation, interview and documentary data was gathered over six weeks. Alternative strategies of communication were developed to enable the co-creation of dialogue between participants and researcher. For example, a participant who could not talk used intentionally created artwork to share her ideas with the researcher. Findings Participants' daily experiences were characterised by struggling against the constraints of the residential setting: having to wait, having unmet needs, experiencing vulnerability and uncertainty. Participants' communication difficulties exacerbated these constraints. Their experiences of struggling were sometimes ameliorated by significant social contact with family or particular staff members, and engaging in enjoyable activities. Occasionally the experiences of enjoying the here-and-now, and being 'seen' as a person by the other, would create beautiful moments in which truly person centred engagement would occur. These moments were neither articulated nor recorded, and were thus invisible after they had occurred. Similarly, the experiences of struggling against the constraints were neither acknowledged nor recorded. Significant experiences in the lives of these four residents were therefore invisible to others. The unifying theme representing the participants' daily experiences was: That which goes unsaid. Discussion It was necessary to develop communication strategies which would by-pass the researcher's assumptions and enable participants to introduce their own ideas and opinions. This ongoing process of co-creation of dialogue required work from, and trust between, participants and researcher. What is new? Expressly seeking the views of residents with communication difficulties Successfully using process consent with participants in this situation Using intentionally created artwork during data gathering in this context What has regional, national or international relevance? The findings indicate that people with communication difficulties may not receive optimal care in residential settings in the Netherlands. Methods are described which could be used by practitioners in their everyday work, and which show facilitators or practice developers how they can help carers to engage in more effective communication with this kind of resident. Additionally, this research contributes to the international discussion about ethical participation of vulnerable people in research.
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BACKGROUND: Communicative participation is the most important outcome of speech and language therapy, but there are no measurement instruments for children, adolescents, and young adults. This paper describes the development of MyCommunication-Youth: an item bank to measure self-reported communicative participation in children, adolescents and young adults with various communication disorders.AIMS: 1) To develop a comprehensive, comprehensible item bank for measuring communicative participation in children, adolescents, and young adults with communication problems. 2) To assess the content validity of the item bank in a sample of these groups. 3) To define criteria for the minimal age at which children with communication difficulties can self-report their communicative participation.METHOD: Based on a literature review and two concept elicitation studies three initial versions of item pools were developed: one for children, one for adolescents and one for young adults. These pools were pilot tested, using cognitive debriefing interviews, on comprehensibility and comprehensiveness in a diverse group of participants with communication difficulties, whereafter a second version of the item pools were created. Hereafter, the content validity was assessed in the target population and in a group of speech and language therapists.RESULTS: Initially, three item pools were created for children (58 items), adolescents (78 items), and young adults (84 items). In the pilot test with 33 children adolescents and young adults with communication difficulties, items were revised for comprehensibility, some items were added for comprehensiveness, and some items were deleted because they appeared irrelevant, resulting in updated pools of 50, 69, and 72 items. In the content validity study, cognitive interviews with 27 participants and a focus group with 8 professionals identified additional revisions. Most items were comprehensible, but some were irrelevant for specific subpopulations of communication difficulties. Two new items were added after the input of professionals, whereafter the item bank was found comprehensive.CONCLUSIONS: MyCommunication-Youth is an item bank for measuring communicative participation in children, adolescents and young adults with various communication difficulties. Three versions of the instrument were created: MyCommunication-Children of 49 items, MyCommunication-Adolescents of 70 items and MyCommunication-YoungAdults of 73 items. The item bank is comprehensible, relevant and comprehensive according to the target population and target professionals.
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Een actieonderzoek naar de ontwikkeling van een leerlingversterkend onderwijsprogramma met het doel leerlingen met een visuele beperking beter voor te bereiden op hun transitie naar volwassenheid en waar mogelijk een betaalde baan. Belangrijke thema's: inclusie en exclusie, empowerment, stem van de leerling, transitie naar volwassenheid en het burgerschapsmodel tegenover het medische model.
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Tourism growth, particularly in cities, is coming under increased scrutiny. However, even often visited cities appear to find it difficult to agree upon a strategy to limit tourism growth. The current paper investigates this issue by looking at the extent to which different stakeholders’ perspectives on tourism development align. Q-sort methodology is employed to find the main worldviews and the extent to which they are shared by stakeholders in similar roles (e.g. policymakers, industry, resident). Results point to the existence of five different worldviews, which differ in the extent to which tourism growth is desirable or problematic and whether resident participation is advantageous or counterproductive. Stakeholders have highly different worldviews, even those with similar roles, which may help explain the difficulty to change the tourism growth paradigm as they limit opportunities for generating new consensus-based collective solutions. If we accept that tourism development strategies are driven and informed at least in part by individual worldviews, it may be impossible to make ‘objective’ policy choices. Instead, it might be more useful to explore possibilities to allow stakeholders to express their worldviews to better understand what sustainable tourism development entails for different people at different places and moments in time.
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The objective of this research is to advice the Municipality of The Hague whether, if and under which conditions, the implementation of an Urban Consolidation Centre (UCC) is possible and desirable. To determine factors that caused the success or failure of UCCs in practice, a survey of 6 cases in Europe is conducted. The cases were selected because of the similarity of the service area of the UCC and the city centre of The Hague or because of the uniqueness of the UCC. To determine the possible success for a UCC in The Hague four scenarios are evaluated. Two major difficulties with implementing the UCC are the allocation of the costs and benefits and the willingness to cooperate of the transportation companies. Both consignees and transportation companies can benefit financially from using the UCC. The UCC operator, however, incurs the costs. The municipality should play a role in bringing the costs and benefits together. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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