In dit rapport worden toetsvormen systematisch beschreven. Het bevat achtergronden en de toetscyclus, van het ontwerp tot en met evaluatie, wordt steeds toegelicht. Docenten kunnen er ideekn uit opdoen en zo komen tot kwaliteitsverbetering van hun toetsen. Het boek kan daarnaast een instrument zijn voor de instituutsdirecteur, examencommissie , kwaliteitscovrdinator etc, voor kwaliteitszorg rondom het toetsingsbeleid. Er zijn meer dan 10 mogelijke indelingscriteria voor toetsvormen (zie het rapport studievorderingen en toetsbeleid. Er is gekozen voor een indeling naar vorm van de afname en respons (schriftelijk, mondeling, observatie, product) in of het een enkelvoudige of samengestelde toets betreft. Bij een enkelvoudige toets betreft het vaak iin type leerdoelen, welke door iin toets worden getoetst. De volgende toetsvormen worden toegelicht: schriftelijke open toetsen schriftelijke gesloten toetsen mondelinge toetsing observaties van gedrag practicum toetsing De volgende samengestelde toetsvormen worden toegelicht: toetsing van projecten toetsing van de oriknterende stage toetsing van de afstudeerfase portfolio assessment..
BACKGROUND: In critically ill patients, auscultation might be challenging as dorsal lung fields are difficult to reach in supine-positioned patients, and the environment is often noisy. In recent years, clinicians have started to consider lung ultrasound as a useful diagnostic tool for a variety of pulmonary pathologies, including pulmonary edema. The aim of this study was to compare lung ultrasound and pulmonary auscultation for detecting pulmonary edema in critically ill patients.METHODS: This study was a planned sub-study of the Simple Intensive Care Studies-I, a single-center, prospective observational study. All acutely admitted patients who were 18 years and older with an expected ICU stay of at least 24 h were eligible for inclusion. All patients underwent clinical examination combined with lung ultrasound, conducted by researchers not involved in patient care. Clinical examination included auscultation of the bilateral regions for crepitations and rhonchi. Lung ultrasound was conducted according to the Bedside Lung Ultrasound in Emergency protocol. Pulmonary edema was defined as three or more B lines in at least two (bilateral) scan sites. An agreement was described by using the Cohen κ coefficient, sensitivity, specificity, negative predictive value, positive predictive value, and overall accuracy. Subgroup analysis were performed in patients who were not mechanically ventilated.RESULTS: The Simple Intensive Care Studies-I cohort included 1075 patients, of whom 926 (86%) were eligible for inclusion in this analysis. Three hundred seven of the 926 patients (33%) fulfilled the criteria for pulmonary edema on lung ultrasound. In 156 (51%) of these patients, auscultation was normal. A total of 302 patients (32%) had audible crepitations or rhonchi upon auscultation. From 130 patients with crepitations, 86 patients (66%) had pulmonary edema on lung ultrasound, and from 209 patients with rhonchi, 96 patients (46%) had pulmonary edema on lung ultrasound. The agreement between auscultation findings and lung ultrasound diagnosis was poor (κ statistic 0.25). Subgroup analysis showed that the diagnostic accuracy of auscultation was better in non-ventilated than in ventilated patients.CONCLUSION: The agreement between lung ultrasound and auscultation is poor.TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT02912624. Registered on September 23, 2016.