In eerste instantie wordt bij de term ‘drone’ vaak gedacht aan onbemande,op afstand bestuurbare, vliegtuigjes. Minder bekend is dat er ook dronesbestaan die onder water inzetbaar zijn. Deze ‘submerged drones’ kunnenworden gebruikt voor aquatisch ecologisch onderzoek.
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The flexible deployment of drones in the public domain, is in this article assessed from a legal philosophical perspective. On the basis of theories of Dworkin and Moore the distinction between individual rights and collective security policy goals is discussed. Mobile cameras in the public domain reflect how innovative technological tools challenge public authorities in new ways to balance between privacy and security. Furthermore, the different dimensions of privacy and the distinction between the three types of the value of privacy are reviewed. On the basis of the case study of the Dutch Drones Act, the article concludes that the flexible deployment of mobile cameras in the public domain is not legitimate from a normative perspective. The legal safeguards in the Netherlands are insufficient to protect the value of privacy. Therefore, further restrictions such as prior judicial review should be considered.
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Deze maand doken Nederlandse onderwater drones op in de Indonesische nationale pers. Onder grote belangstelling las men dat een consortium van Indonesische en Nederlandse organisaties (Tauw, INDYMO, TU Delft en water & milieulab WLN Indonesia) start met een grootschalig internationaal onderzoek naar oplossingen voor de slechte kwaliteit van oppervlaktewater in dichtbevolkte gebieden, zoals Surabaya. Hierbij werden innovatieve meetmethoden ingezet, waaronder aquatische drones. De eerste resultaten wijzen uit welke vervuilende bronnen aangepakt moeten worden: industrieel en huishoudelijk afvalwater). Tijdens de interactie bij de innovatieve metingen groeide de betrokkenheid van de partijen en werd duidelijk welke stakeholders betrokken moeten worden bij het opstellen - en uitvoeren - van nieuwe regelgeving, alsook het creëren van maatschappelijke bewustwording over het belang van een duurzame gezonde leefomgeving. Hierbij zullen de belangrijkste lessen die Nederland in de laatste decennia geleerd heeft worden toegepast, ook Nederland kent een geschiedenis van zuurstofloze rivieren en grachten vol vuilnis. De ‘lessons learnt’ omtrent bewustwording, regelgeving en innovatieve meettechnieken zijn van groot belang bij internationale kennisuitwisseling van de Nederlandse topsector water, een van de belangrijkste exportproducten van Nederland.
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Fresh water systems are rapidly changing and water quality is deteriorating as a result of climate change. Aquatic drones can help us understand these changes - which will be key to tackling water-related challenges ahead.The ideas presented in this article aim to inspire adaptation action – they are the views of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of the Global Center on Adaptation.
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Agriculture and horticulture are essential for ensuring safe food to the growing global population, but they also contribute significantly to climate change and biodiversity loss due to the extensive use of chemicals. Integrated pest management is currently employed to monitor and control pest populations, but it relies on labor-intensive methods with low accuracy. Automating crop monitoring using aerial robotics, such as flapping-wing drones, presents a viable solution. This study explores the application of deep learning algorithms, You Only Look Once (YOLO) and Faster region-based convolutional neural network regions with convolutional neural networks (R-CNN), for pest and disease detection in greenhouse environments. The research involved collecting and annotating a diverse dataset of images and videos of common pests and diseases affecting tomatoes, bell peppers, and cucumbers cultivated in Dutch greenhouses. Data augmentation and image resizing techniques were applied to enhance the dataset. The study compared the performance of YOLO and Faster R-CNN, with YOLO demonstrating superior performance. Testing on data acquired by flapping-wing drones showed that YOLO could detect powdery mildew with accuracy ranging from 0.29 to 0.61 despite the shaking movement induced by the actuation system of the drone’s flapping wings.
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In recent years, drones have increasingly supported First Responders (FRs) in monitoring incidents and providing additional information. However, analysing drone footage is time-intensive and cognitively demanding. In this research, we investigate the use of AI models for the detection of humans in drone footage to aid FRs in tasks such as locating victims. Detecting small-scale objects, particularly humans from high altitudes, poses a challenge for AI systems. We present first steps of introducing and evaluating a series of YOLOv8 Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) for human detection from drone images. The models are fine-tuned on a created drone image dataset of the Dutch Fire Services and were able to achieve a 53.1% F1-Score, identifying 439 out of 825 humans in the test dataset. These preliminary findings, validated by an incident commander, highlight the promising utility of these models. Ongoing efforts aim to further refine the models and explore additional technologies.
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Hoofdstuk 15 15.1 Introduction 15.2 An international law perspective 15.3 The American position 15.4 International human rights developments 15.5 Effective remedy and reparations 15.6 Reflections References In the international arena there are some encouraging developments in relation to accountability and transparency for the use of armed drones. It is increasingly recognized that remote pilotless aircraft have become part of modern warfare, and that sometimes they are also used outside the context of armed conflict. Subsequently, both international humanitarian and human rights law can apply. The issue of access to justice, however, receives less explicit socio-political attention. Victims of armed remote pilotless aircraft strikes meet countless challenges in effectuating their right to an effective remedy. Often even a formal recognition that a strike has taken place is lacking. Furthermore, the states involved fail to publicly release information about their own investigations. This makes it difficult for those affected to substantiate their status as a victim and seek justice, including reparations. The international community should, in addition to urging involved states to independently and impartially investigate all armed drone strikes, ensure that access to an effective remedy for civilian victims, whether on an international, transnational or national level, becomes a reality.
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Currently, published risk analyses for drones refer mainly to commercial systems, use data from civil aviation, and are based on probabilistic approaches without suggesting an inclusive list of hazards and respective requirements. Within this context, this paper presents: (1) a set of safety requirements generated from the application of the Systems Theoretic Process Analysis (STPA) technique on a generic small drone system; (2) a gap analysis between the set of safety requirements and the ones met by 19 popular drone models; (3) the extent of the differences between those models, their manufacturers, and the countries of origin; (4) the association of drone prices with the extent they meet the requirements derived by STPA. The application of STPA resulted in 70 safety requirements distributed across the authority, manufacturer, end user, and drone automation levels. A gap analysis showed high dissimilarities regarding the extent to which the 19 drones meet the same safety requirements. Statistical results suggested a positive correlation between drone prices and the extent that the 19 drones studied herein met the safety requirements generated by STPA, and significant differences were identified among the manufacturers. This work complements the existing risk assessment frameworks for small drones, and contributes to the establishment of a commonly endorsed international risk analysis framework. Such a framework will support the development of a holistic and methodologically justified standardization scheme for small drone flights.
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Drones kunnen de landbouw helpen in de duurzaamheidstransitie. Drones kunnen precisielandbouw optimaliseren door monitoring, sproeien en data-analyse van gewassen. Daarvoor zijn echter de nodige juridische uitdagingen. Ter ondersteuning van de juridische kansen en uitdagingen bij de inzet van drones in de landbouw hebben derdejaars-studenten van HBO-rechten voor het project DigiAgro een flowchart en infographic ontwikkeld. Disclaimer:Deze opdracht is uitgevoerd door studenten in het kader van hun opleiding bij het Instituut voor Rechtenstudies. De studenten leveren een juridisch beroepsproduct op en doen daartoe onderzoek. De studenten wordt tijdens de uitvoering van de opdracht begeleid door een coach. De inspanningen van de studenten en de coach zijn erop gericht om een zo goed mogelijk beroepsproduct op te leveren. Dit moet opgevat worden als een product van (derdejaars)studenten en niet van een juridische professional. Mocht ondanks de geleverde inspanningen de informatie of de inhoud van het beroepsproduct onvolledig en/of onjuist zijn, dan kunnen de Hanzehogeschool Groningen, het Instituut voor Rechtenstudies, individuele medewerkers en de studenten daarvoor geen aansprakelijkheid aanvaarden.
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