This report maps different programs that supportrefugees on the road to entrepreneurship. The municipality of The Hague, along with the refugee and migrant support organization EnterStart (MigrantINC) asked for an evaluation of the program The Hague Test Garden (from now on called The Test Garden) where refugees can ask for help starting their own businesses. The evaluation is not just based on the experiences in The Test Garden; other programs have been included in the evaluation to come to a broader view of the road to entrepreneurship and the obstacles encountered. The increased inflow of refugees in Dutch society and on the Dutch labor market has generated different support programs for starting-up a business. Some of these programs already existed but shifted to accommodate the needs of this specific target group. Other programs were initiated to support refugees because of perceived barriers in Dutch society. Most programs are private initiatives, funded on a project basis. In the Netherlands, refugees that hold a residence permit are called ‘status holders’. Upon arrival, they received a temporary permit for at least five years. They need to follow a civic integration and language program and they are expected to be part of the (regular) education system or labor market as soon as possible. The Test Garden started in 2016, a time when multiple support systems for refugee-entrepreneurs began their programs. This report starts with a short overview ofrefugee flows to the Netherlands. The main part of the report consists of the comparison and evaluation of the different programs. The information was gathered through literature, websites, and in-depth interviews with program managers and others involved. Interviews with the participants are only included for The Test Garden (Appendix 1 gives an overview of the meetings and interviews). LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/karijn-nijhoff-89589316/
This study offers a new perspective on clothing consumption by uncovering the systemic nature of the wardrobe. The research builds on systems theory and aims at drawing a map of the wardrobe as a system with particular structure and behaviour. By co-designing fictional 'smart wardrobe' services with experts and discussing these services with wardrobe users, we identify characteristics of wardrobe structure and behaviour that give input for a preliminary wardrobe map. Lastly, the wardrobe map provides a basis for discussing sustainable design approaches aimed at reducing clothing demand, in the context of growing clothing production volume and its associated environmental impacts.
Electrohydrodynamic atomization (EHDA) is a technique which uses the influence of strong electric fields to manipulate the break-up of a liquid, pumped through a capillary nozzle, into droplets. In this work, an extended description of a specific high flow EHDA mode, known as the simple-jet mode, is presented. In it, a review of different works published about the mode is presented as well as results about the droplet population generated with varicose and whipping break-up using water as the atomized liquid. Additionally, experiments were conducted to investigate whether such atomization method could be used to improve the efficiency of droplet inair evaporation, using a single effect evaporation chamber coupled with a EHDA multinozzle system functioning as a shower head. The liquid used in these experiments was a solution of water and NaCl (35 g L−1) to simulate sea water average concentrations. The results have shown that, the manipulation of the droplet diameter, droplet size distribution and spray angle, provided by EHDA, could improve the droplet evaporation efficiency by up to 40% when combinedwith, e.g. forced convection and higher inlet temperatures.
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