Graphs are ubiquitous. Many graphs, including histograms, bar charts, and stacked dotplots, have proven tricky to interpret. Students’ gaze data can indicate students’ interpretation strategies on these graphs. We therefore explore the question: In what way can machine learning quantify differences in students’ gaze data when interpreting two near-identical histograms with graph tasks in between? Our work provides evidence that using machine learning in conjunction with gaze data can provide insight into how students analyze and interpret graphs. This approach also sheds light on the ways in which students may better understand a graph after first being presented with other graph types, including dotplots. We conclude with a model that can accurately differentiate between the first and second time a student solved near-identical histogram tasks.
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Gaze data are still uncommon in statistics education despite their promise. Gaze data provide teachers and researchers with a new window into complex cognitive processes. This article discusses how gaze data can inform and be used by teachers both for their own teaching practice and with students. With our own eye-tracking research as an example, background information on eye-tracking and possible applications of eye-tracking in statistics education is provided. Teachers indicated that our eye-tracking research created awareness of the difficulties students have when interpreting histograms. Gaze data showed details of students' strategies that neither teachers nor students were aware of. With this discussion paper, we hope to contribute to the future usage and implementation of gaze data in statistics education by teachers, researchers, educational and textbook designers, and students.
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Numerous laboratory-based studies recorded eye movements in participants with varying expertise when watching video projections in the lab. Although research in the lab offers the advantage of internal validity, reliability and ethical considerations, ecological validity is often questionable. Therefore the current study compared visual search in 13 adult cyclists, when cycling a real bicycle path and while watching a film clip of the same road. Dwell time towards five Areas of Interest (AOIs) is analysed. Dwell time (%) in the lab and real-life was comparable only for the low quality bicycle path. Both in real-life and the lab, gaze is predominantly driven towards the road. Since gaze behaviour in the lab and real-life tends to be comparable with increasing task-complexity (road quality), it is concluded that under certain task constraints laboratory experiments making use of video clips might provide valuable information regarding gaze behaviour in real-life.
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The traffic safety of cyclists is under pressure. The number of fatalities and injuries is increasing, and the number of single-bicycle accidents is on the rise. However, from a traffic safety perspective, the most concerning trend is the growing number of incidents between motorized vehicles and cyclists. In addition to infrastructural solutions, such as more segregated and wider bike lanes, both industry and government are exploring technological developments to better safeguard cyclist safety. One of the technological solutions being considered is the use of C-V2X communication. C-V2X, Cellular Vehicle-to-X, is a technology that enables short-range signal exchanges between road users, informing them of each other's presence. C-V2X can be used, for example, to alert drivers via dedicated in-car information systems about the presence of cyclists on the road (e.g. at crossings). Although the technology and chipsets have been developed, the application of C-V2X to improve cyclist safety has not yet been thoroughly investigated. Therefore, HAN, Gazelle, and ARK Infomotives are researching the impact of C-V2X (on cyclist safety). Using advanced simulations with a digital twin in an urban environment and rural environment, the study will analyze how drivers respond to cyclist presence signals and determine the maximum penetration rate of ‘connected’ cyclists. Based on this, a pilot study will be conducted in a controlled environment on HAN terrain to validate the direction of the simulation results. The project aligns with the Missiegedreven Innovatiebeleid and the KIA Sleuteltechnologieën, specifically within application of digital and information technologies. This proposal aligns with the innovation domain of Semiconductor Technologies by applying advanced sensor and digital connectivity solutions to enhance cyclist safety. The project fits within the theme of Sleuteltechnologieën en Duurzame Materialen of the strategic research agenda of the VH by utilizing digital connectivity, sensor fusion, and data-driven decision-making for safer mobility solutions.
Measuring and designing user experience in retail and gaming virtual reality using a CAVE set-up In this project we designed and measured user experiences in a CAVE virtual reality set-up. Virtually all studies have taken the form of experiment studies and have been conducted among consumers (in total more than 1500 consumers) who had to visit the virtual world with assignments based on which behaviour has been observed and after which a survey was conducted afterwards. The studies were carried out within the three lines of inquiry: a. Branded games / in-game advertising, revealing (positive) effects of in-game advertising on attention and attitude based on logos and faces incorporated into the games. Various applications (prototypes) have been developed that stimulate the shopping experience and the interaction between shop and consumer. (b) FMCG: studies answered the question which factors influence search and choice behaviour in the supermarket. On the basis of the studies, the clients have designed new packaging and adapted existing designs, deployed new shelf layouts, developed and implemented new Retail strategies, optimized instore communication and (e) the knowledge about consumer behaviour in the supermarket within the organization has been increased. (c) Location Based Advertising: recommendations have been made for the partners concerned and the field of work on (a) development of non-intrusive pervasive/ubiquitous advertising concepts (2nd screen, LBA, gaze-based advertising etc.), (b) development of virtual test environments and associated interaction methods and (c) exploration and review of theoretical models for persuasive communication and behavioural influence. Partners: Heinz, Nokia, DVJ-Insights, Radboud University, Brand Loyalty, IRI, Talpa, TU/e, Philips
