The moment of casting is a crucial one in any media production. Casting the ‘right’ person shapes the narrative as much as the way in which the final product might be received by critics and audiences. For this article, casting—as the moment in which gender is hypervisible in its complex intersectional entanglement with class, race and sexuality—will be our gateway to exploring the dynamics of discussion of gender conventions and how we, as feminist scholars, might manoeuvre. To do so, we will test and triangulate three different forms of ethnographically inspired inquiry: 1) ‘collaborative autoethnography,’ to discuss male-to-female gender-bending comedies from the 1980s and 1990s, 2) ‘netnography’ of online discussions about the (potential) recasting of gendered legacy roles from Doctor Who to Mary Poppins, and 3) textual media analysis of content focusing on the casting of cisgender actors for transgender roles. Exploring the affordances and challenges of these three methods underlines the duty of care that is essential to feminist audience research. Moving across personal and anonymous, ‘real’ and ‘virtual,’ popular and professional discussion highlights how gender has been used and continues to be instrumentalised in lived audience experience and in audience research.
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This chapter applies the theory of symbolic interactionism to present the qualitative analysis of 51 sentencing decisions in domestic violence homicide cases processed in Polish courts. It is argued in this chapter that sentencing, like any other human action, is subject to interpretations at the hands of judges, who engage in the construction and meaning-making process of gender at the sentencing stage. The findings demonstrate the diversely-constructed presence of gendered narratives, which vary in terms of their inclusion of the domestic violence terminology and/or the discussion on the fulfilment of socially-prescribed gender roles. The analysis has exposed a powerful interplay between the judges’ perception of the (abusive) relationship, gender roles, and the defendant’s/victim’s acquiescence to them, which in consequence makes women more likely the subject of double standards of conformity. The chapter offers a qualitative outlook on the topic and invites a new theoretical perspective to shift the attention from the impact of gender – to the meaning of gender – in sentencing decisions.
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Voor ict-opleidingen aan hogescholen en universiteiten valt er bij de meisjes nog veel te winnen. Er kiezen namelijk veel minder meisjes dan jongens voor een ict-vervolgopleiding. De voorlichting ook op meisjes afstemmen is noodzakelijk, maar niet voldoende. Het gaat niet alleen om de 'verpakking'. En het is ook niet zo dat meisjes vaker voor ict kiezen als ze beter geïnformeerd zijn. Juist ook de inhoud, de onderwijskundige vormgeving en de cultuur van ict-opleidingen moeten aantrekkelijk zijn, willen meisjes ervoor kiezen, willen ze de opleiding met succes doorlopen en uiteindelijk hun entree maken op de ict- arbeidsmarkt. Kortom, de instroom van meer meisjes is belangrijk, maar ook de doorstroom en een succesvolle uitstroom naar de arbeidsmarkt. Tips om te zorgen voor meer instroom van meisjes staan in het startdocument van Ict-STER. Dit kennisdocument richt zich op het verbeteren van de doorstroom en het verminderen van tussentijdse uitval van meisjes. Om effectieve strategieën te bedenken is het nodig om de onderliggende problemen te begrijpen. Hoofdstuk 1 beschrijft inzichten uit (recent) onderzoek op het gebied van gender en ict. In hoofdstuk 2 staan strategieën om te zorgen voor meer diversiteit in opleidingen. Per aspect staat beschreven wat instellingen kunnen doen om hun ict-opleiding aantrekkelijker te maken voor een brede doelgroep. Na de beknopte conclusies in hoofdstuk 3 volgt hoofdstuk 4 met een set 'do's' en 'don'ts' in de vorm van aanbevelingen. Voor wie zich verder wil verdiepen in het onderwerp gender en ict, is aan het einde een uitgebreide literatuurlijst opgenomen.
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The past two decades, a disproportionate growth of females entering the criminal justice system and forensic mental health services has been observed worldwide. However, there is a lack of knowledge on the background of women who are convicted for violent offenses. What is their criminal history, what are their motives for offending and in which way do they differ from men convicted for violent offenses? In this study, criminal histories and the offenses for which they were admitted to forensic care were analyzed of 218 women and 218 men who have been treated between 1984 and 2014 with a mandatory treatment order in one of four Dutch forensic psychiatric settings admitting both men and women. It is concluded that there are important differences in violent offending between male and female patients. Most importantly, female violence was more often directed towards their close environment, like their children, and driven by relational frustration. Furthermore, female patients received lower punishments compared to male patients and were more often considered to be diminished accountable for their offenses due to a mental illness.
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Cancer and its treatments cause significant changes in sexuality that affect the quality of life of both patients and their partners. As these issues are not always discussed with healthcare professionals, cancer patients turn to online health communities to find answers to questions or for emotional support pertaining to sexual issues. By using a discursive psychological perspective, we explore the social actions that participants in online health forums perform when discussing sexuality. Data were collected by entering search terms in the search bars of three online health forums. Our analysis of 213 threads, containing 1,275 posts, provides insight into how participants who present themselves as women with cancer account for their sexual issues and, in doing so, orient to two intertwined norms: Having untroubled sex is part of a couple’s relationship, and male partners are entitled to having untroubled sex. We discuss the potential harmful consequences of orienting to norms related to sexual behaviour. Yet, our findings can also help healthcare professionals in broaching the topic of sexuality in conversations with cancer patients. The insights of this study into what female patients themselves treat as relevant can assist health professionals in better aligning with patients’ interactional concerns.
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Most violence risk assessment tools have been validated predominantly in males. In this multicenter study, the Historical, Clinical, Risk Management–20 (HCR-20), Historical, Clinical, Risk Management–20 Version 3 (HCR-20V3), Female Additional Manual (FAM), Short-Term Assessment of Risk and Treatability (START), Structured Assessment of Protective Factors for violence risk (SAPROF), and Psychopathy Checklist–Revised (PCL-R) were coded on file information of 78 female forensic psychiatric patients discharged between 1993 and 2012 with a mean follow-up period of 11.8 years from one of four Dutch forensic psychiatric hospitals. Notable was the high rate of mortality (17.9%) and readmission to psychiatric settings (11.5%) after discharge. Official reconviction data could be retrieved from the Ministry of Justice and Security for 71 women. Twenty-four women (33.8%) were reconvicted after discharge, including 13 for violent offenses (18.3%). Overall, predictive validity was moderate for all types of recidivism, but low for violence. The START Vulnerability scores, HCR-20V3, and FAM showed the highest predictive accuracy for all recidivism. With respect to violent recidivism, only the START Vulnerability scores and the Clinical scale of the HCR-20V3 demonstrated significant predictive accuracy.
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The present study focuses on the level of stress male and female teachers perceive when dealing with the most behaviorally challenging student in his or her classroom. To measure stress in Dutch elementary classrooms, a sample was drawn of 582 teachers. First, they rated the most challenging student in their classroom on six different behavioral components: Against the grain, Full of activity/Easily distractible, Needs a lot of attention/Week student, Easily upset, Failuresyndrome/Excessively perfectionist, and Aggressive/Hostile. Teachers then scored perceived stress as a result of this challenging behavior. Two questions concerning gender relations in class rooms will be addressed. Do female and male teachers select the same type of behaviorally challenging students as the most challenging? And: do they perceive the same level of stress? Our data shows that female teachers do indeed report significantly more incidence of challenging behavior, but no evidence is found for differences between stress levels of male and female teachers.
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In deze handreiking bieden wij richtlijnen voor het behandelen van vrouwen in de (gemengde) klinische forensische zorg. Deze zijn gebaseerd op literatuuronderzoek, een enquête (ingevuld door 295 professionals), interviews met 22 professionals en 11 patiënten (acht vrouwelijke, drie mannelijke), twee expertmeetings met professionals en een expertmeeting met vrouwelijke patiënten en een pilot onderzoek in drie forensische instellingen. In het eindrapport Behandelen van vrouwen: Een vak apart? Ontwikkeling van een handreiking voor het behandelen van vrouwen in de klinische forensische zorg1 wordt de onderbouwing van deze richtlijnen vanuit de literatuur en het door ons uitgevoerde onderzoeksproject uitgebreid besproken. We vinden het belangrijk te benadrukken dat meerdere van de richtlijnen in deze handreiking evenzogoed voor mannen in de klinische forensische zorg waardevol kunnen zijn. Gender-responsief werken betekent rekening houden met genderverschillen, maar ook zo goed mogelijk afgestemd op het individu, of dit nu een vrouw, man of andere genderidentiteit is. Toch vonden we het nodig om specifieke richtlijnen te formuleren voor vrouwen, aangezien tot nu toe de meeste aandacht binnen de forensische zorg, zowel vanuit de wetenschap als de praktijk, uit is gegaan naar mannen. Onderzoek is nog beperkt, maar laat wel zien dat de meeste (risicotaxatie)instrumenten en forensische behandelmethoden minder bruikbaar zijn voor vrouwen en dat aanpassingen of aanvullingen gewenst zijn. Daarnaast denken we dat extra aandacht voor vrouwen van belang is gezien hun duidelijke minderheidspositie in forensische instellingen. We willen graag alle patiënten en professionals die hebben meegewerkt aan het onderzoeksproject (enquête, interviews, expertmeetings en pilot onderzoek) hartelijk bedanken. Hun input was bijzonder waardevol. Ook danken we de leden van de begeleidingscommissie Marije Keulen-de Vos, Marike Lancel, Jeroen Kampkes, Tiemenna Oosterhof, Anne-Marie Slotboom, en Jeantine Stam voor hun constructieve meedenken en Juul Depla en Els Russchenberg, die in het kader van hun onderzoeksstage veel werk hebben verzet. We hopen dat deze handreiking kan bijdragen aan een zo effectief mogelijke behandeling van vrouwen in de klinische forensische zorg in het belang van deze vrouwen, hun directe omgeving (met name eventuele kinderen), de professionals die met hen werken en de maatschappij.
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This paper seeks to highlight underlying issues of the tourism system that have led to tourism extremes of too much or too little tourism. Five phases are recognized that reflect different ways of dealing with too much tourism over time, after which the impact of a sudden lack of tourism is investigated in light of future renewal processes. This discussion highlights the remarkable capacity of the tourism industry to adjust to rapidly changing circumstances and crises, even when these cause anguish to individuals and within societies at large. The paper thus seeks to contextualize the current discussions regarding the transformation of tourism post COVID-19. It highlights the complexity of changing a tourism that multiple stakeholders depend on or have grown accustomed to. To come to a more balanced tourism, it is necessary to not only come up with alternative visions and strategies, but also to engage with the political economy nature of tourism development. A future research agenda should therefore also discuss facets of entangled power, social exclusion, inequalities and class differences to come to new reference points of what actually constitutes a more inclusive tourism success.
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Research shows that victimization rates in forensic mental health care are high for both female and male patients. However, gender differences have been found in types and patterns of victimization (more sexual abuse and more complex trauma for women), cognitive appraisal, and response to traumatic events. Gender-responsive treatments focusing on trauma have been designed to adhere to these gender differences; however, despite promising research results, these interventions are yet to be introduced in many settings. This study examined how trauma is addressed in current clinical practice in Dutch forensic mental health care, whether professionals are knowledgeable of gender differences in trauma, and how gender-responsive factors such as self-esteem, self-efficacy, social relations, and coping skills are considered in treatment for female patients. We used a mixed-method design consisting of an online survey and 33 semi-structured interviews with professionals and patients. The results suggested that Dutch forensic mental health care could address trauma more structurally, and professionals could be more aware of gender differences and gender-responsive factors. Early start of trauma treatment was deemed important but was not current practice according to patients. Based on this study, guidelines were developed for gender-responsive, trauma-informed work in forensic mental health care.
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