To reduce greenhouse gas emissions, countries around the world are pursuing electrification policies. In residential areas, electrification will increase electricity supply and demand, which is expected to increase grid congestion at a faster rate than grids can be reinforced. Battery energy storage (BES) has the potential to reduce grid congestion and defer grid reinforcement, thus supporting the energy transition. But, BES could equally exacerbate grid congestion. This leads to the question: What are the trade-offs between different battery control strategies, considering battery performance and battery grid impacts? This paper addresses this question using the battery energy storage evaluation method (BESEM), which interlinks a BES model with an electricity grid model to simulate the interactions between these two systems. In this paper, the BESEM is applied to a case study, wherein the relative effects of different BES control strategies are compared. The results from this case study indicate that batteries can reduce grid congestion if they are passively controlled (i.e., constraining battery power) or actively controlled (i.e., overriding normal battery operations). Using batteries to reduce congestion was found to reduce the primary benefits provided by the batteries to the battery owners, but could increase secondary benefits. Further, passive battery controls were found to be nearly as effective as active battery controls at reducing grid congestion in certain situations. These findings indicate that the trade-offs between different battery control strategies are not always obvious, and should be evaluated using a method like the BESEM.
DOCUMENT
Elke periode kent zijn eigen revolutie en elke revolutie brengt zijn eigen organisatorische model met zich mee. We bevinden ons nu in de 4e industri¨ele revolutie, waar het internet van dingen ons verbindt met autonome embedded systemen. Deze systemen zijn actief in de virtuele ’cyber’ wereld, alsook in de echte ’fysieke’ wereld om ons heen. Deze zogenoemde ’Cyber-Fysieke’ Systemen volgen daarmee een modern organisatorisch model, namelijk zelfmanagement, en zijn dan ook in staat zelf proactieve acties te ondernemen. Dit proefschrift belicht productiesystemen vanuit het Cyber-Fysieke perspectief. De productiesystemen zijn hier herconfigureerbaar, autonoom en zeer flexibel. Dit kan enkel worden bereikt door het ontwikkelen van nieuwe methodes en het toepassen van nieuwe technologie¨en die flexibiliteit verder bevorderen. Echter, effici¨entie is ook van belang, bijvoorbeeld door productassemblage zo flexibel te maken dat het daardoor kosteneffici¨ent is om de productie van diverse producten met een lage oplage, zogenaamde high-mix, low volume producten, te automatiseren. De mogelijkheid om zo flexibel te kunnen produceren moet bereikt worden door de creatie van nieuwe methoden en middelen, waarbij nieuwe technologie¨en worden gecombineerd; een belangrijk aspect hierbij is dat dit toepasbaar getest moet worden door gebruik van simulatoren en speciaal hiervoor ontwikkelde productiesystemen. Dit onderzoek zal beginnen met het introduceren van het concept achter de bijbehorende productiemethodologie, welke Grid Manufacturing is genoemd. Grid Manufacturing wordt uitgevoerd door autonome entiteiten (agenten) die zowel de productiesystemen zelf, als de producten representeren. Producten leven dan al in de virtuele cyber wereld voordat zij daadwerkelijk zijn gebouwd, en zijn zich bewust uit welke onderdelen zij gemaakt moeten worden. De producten communiceren en overleggen met de autonome herconfigureerbare productiesystemen, de zogenaamde equiplets. Deze equiplets leveren generieke diensten aan een grote diversiteit aan producten, die hierdoor op elk moment geproduceerd kunnen worden. Het onderzoek focust hierbij specifiek op de equiplets en de technische uitdagingen om dynamisch geautomatiseerde productie mogelijk te maken. Om Grid Manufacturing mogelijk te maken is er een set van technologische uitdagingen onderzocht. De achtergrond, onderzoeksaanpak en concepten zijn dan ook de eerste drie inleidende hoofdstukken. Daarna begint het onderzoek met Hoofdstuk 4 Object Awareness. Dit hoofdstuk beschrijft een dynamische manier waarop informatie uit verschillende autonome systemen gecombineerd wordt om objecten te herkennen, lokaliseren en daarmee te kunnen manipuleren. Hoofdstuk 5 Herconfiguratie beschrijft hoe producten communiceren met de equiplets en welke achterliggende systemen ervoor zorgen dat, ondanks | Dutch Summary 232 dat het product niet bekend is met de hardware van de equiplet, deze toch in staat is acties uit te voeren. Tevens beschrijft het hoofdstuk hoe de equiplets omgaan met verschillende hardwareconfiguraties en ondanks de aanpassingen zichzelf toch kunnen besturen. De equiplet kan dan ook aangepast worden zonder dat deze opnieuw geprogrammeerd hoeft te worden. In Hoofdstuk 6 Architectuur wordt vervolgens dieper ingegaan op de bovenliggende architectuur van de equiplets. Hier worden prestaties gecombineerd met flexibiliteit, waarvoor een hybride architectuur is ontwikkeld die het grid van equiplets controleert door het gebruik van twee platformen: Multi-Agent System (MAS) en Robot Operating System (ROS). Nadat de architectuur is vastgesteld, wordt er in Hoofdstuk 7 onderzocht hoe deze veilig ingezet kan worden. Hierbij wordt een controlesysteem ingevoerd dat het systeemgedrag bepaalt, waarmee het gedrag van de equiplets transparant wordt gemaakt. Tevens zal een simulatie met input van de sensoren uit de fysieke wereld ’live’ controleren of alle bewegingen veilig uitgevoerd kunnen worden. Nadat de basisfunctionaliteit van het Grid nu compleet is, wordt in Hoofdstuk 8 Validatie en Utilisatie gekeken naar hoe Grid Manufacturing gebruikt kan worden en welke nieuwe mogelijkheden deze kan opleveren. Zo wordt er besproken hoe zowel een hi¨erarchische als een heterarchische aanpak, waar alle systemen gelijk zijn, gebruikt kan worden. Daarnaast laat het hoofdstuk o.a. aan de hand van enkele voorbeelden en simulaties zien welke effecten herconfiguratie kan hebben, en welke voordelen deze aanpak zoal kan bieden.. Het proefschrift laat zien hoe met technische middelen geautomatiseerde flexibiliteit mogelijk wordt gemaakt. Hoewel het gehele concept nog volwassen zal moeten worden, worden er enkele aspecten getoond die op de korte termijn toepasbaar zijn in de industrie. Enkele voorbeelden hiervan zijn: (1) het combineren van gegevens uit diverse (autonome) bronnen voor 6D-lokalisatie; (2) een data-gedreven systeem, de zogeheten hardware-abstractielaag, die herconfigureerbare systemen controleert en de mogelijkheid biedt om deze productiesystemen aan te passen zonder deze te hoeven herprogrammeren; en (3) het gebruik van Cyber-Fysieke systemen om de veiligheid te verhogen.
MULTIFILE
Standard mass-production is a well-known manufacturing concept. To make small quantities or even single items of a product according to user specifications at an affordable price, alternative agile production paradigms should be investigated and developed. The system presented in this paper is based on a grid of cheap reconfigurable production units, called equiplets. A grid of these equiplets is capable to produce a variety of different products in parallel at an affordable price. The underlying agent-based software for this system is responsible for the agile manufacturing. An important aspect of this type of manufacturing is the transport of the products along the available equiplets. This transport of the products from equiplet to equiplet is quite different from standard production. Every product can have its own unique path along the equiplets. In this paper several topologies are discussed and investigated. Also, the planning and scheduling in relation to the transport constraints is subject of this study. Some possibilities of realization are discussed and simulations are used to generate results with the focus on efficiency and usability for different topologies and layouts of the grid and its internal transport system.
DOCUMENT
A model to describe biogas transport costs in a regional grid is presented. In the model biogas is collected to a central location by transport through dedicated pipelines. Costs have been calculated for two different lay-outs of the grid i.e. star and fishbone lay-out. The costs depend on the covered area and the size of the digesters. Model results show that in a star layout transport costs for small scale digesters are much higher than costs for large scale digesters and costs in a fishbone lay-out are lower than costs in a star lay-out.
DOCUMENT
In the Netherlands, energy cooperatives are increasingly active in the production of renewable energy. Many cooperatives have concrete plans to invest in energy projects, such as solar fields and wind turbines. Unfortunately, in the coming years there will hardly be any room for such projects in the electricity grid. In their quest to help solve this predicament, energy cooperatives develop new and innovative energy services, for example delivering grid services to distribution system operators (DSOs). However, in this endeavor they encounter legal as well as economic obstacles.
DOCUMENT
In this research, the experiences and behaviors of end-users in a smart grid project are explored. In PowerMatching City, the leading Dutch smart grid project, 40 households were equipped with various decentralized energy sources (PV and microCHP), hybrid heat pumps, smart appliances, smart meters and an in-home display. Stabilization and optimization of the network was realized by trading energy on the market. To reduce peak loads on the smart grid, several types of demand side management were tested. Households received feedback on their energy use either based on costs, or on the percentage of consumed energy that had been produced locally. Furthermore, devices could be controlled automatically, smartly or manually to optimize the energy use of the households. Results from quantitative and qualitative research showed that: (1) feedback on costs reduction is valued most; (2) end-users preferred to consume self-produced energy (this may even be the case when, from a cost or sustainability perspective, it is not the most efficient strategy to follow); (3) automatic and smart control are most popular, but manually controlling appliances is more rewarding; (4) experiences and behaviors of end-users depended on trust between community members, and on trust in both technology (ICT infrastructure and connected appliances) and the participating parties.
DOCUMENT
Abstract: Unlike manufacturing technology for semiconductors and printed circuit boards, the market for traditional micro assembly lacks a clear public roadmap. More agile manufacturing strategies are needed in an environment in which dealing with change becomes a rule instead of an exception. In this paper, an attempt is made to bring production with universal micro assembly cells to the next level. This is realised by placing a larger number of cells, called Equiplets, in a “Grid”. Equiplets are compact and low-cost manufacturing platforms that can be reconfigured to a broad number of applications. Benchmarking Equiplet production has shown reduced time to market and a smooth transition from R&D to Manufacturing. When higher production volumes are needed, more systems can be placed in parallel to meet the manufacturing demand. Costs of product design changes in the later stage of industrialisation have been reduced due to the modular production in grids, which allows the final design freeze to be postponed as late as possible. The need for invested capital is also pushed backwards accordingly. doi 10.1007/978-3-642-11598-1_32
LINK
Author supplied: In a production environment where different products are being made in parallel, the path planning for every product can be different. The model proposed in this paper is based on a production environment where the production machines are placed in a grid. A software entity, called product agent, is responsible for the manufacturing of a single product. The product agent will plan a path along the production machines needed for that specific product. In this paper, an optimization is proposed that will reduce the amount of transport between the production machines. The effect of two factors that influence the possibilities for reductions is shown in a simulation, using the proposed optimization scheme. These two factors are the redundancy of production steps in the grid and the
DOCUMENT
New technologies or approaches are being widely developed and proposed to be deployed in real energy systems to improve desired objectives; however, supporting decision making processes to select best solutions in terms of performance and efficiently following cost-benefit analysis require some sort of scientific evidence based tools. These tools should be reliable, robust, and capable of demonstrating the behaviour and impact of newly developed devices or algorithms in different pre- defined scenarios. Therefore, new approaches and technologies need to be tested and verified using a safe laboratory test environment.This report is about the development and realisation of some major tools and reliable methods to calculate risks and opportunities for integrating of new energy resources into the European electricity grid. Hanze University Groningen and Politecnico di Torino worked together within the STORE&GO project sharing laboratories, knowledge, hardware facilities and researchers for the realisation of the characterisation and mathematical modelling of renewable resources. Needed to realize a stable and reliable environment for remote physical hardware in the loop simulations.For this realisation we started with the local characterisation of a PV-Field and a PEM electrolyser at Entrance Groningen by logging and measuring the electric behaviour and specific device parameters to integrate and convert these into working mathematical models of a PV-Field and electrolyser prosumer. After testing and evaluating these models by comparing the results with the real-time measurements, these test and modelling is also realised from the remote laboratory in Torino. To achieve dynamical physical hardware we also realised dynamic mathematical model(s) with real-time functionality to interact directly with the remote electrolyser. To connect both the laboratories with full duplex communication functionalities between physical hardware and models we have also realized a network which is able to share network resources on both local and remote sites.
DOCUMENT
This paper proposes a Hybrid Microgrid (HμG) model including distributed generation (DG) and a hydrogen-based storage system, controlled through a tailored control strategy. The HμG is composed of three DG units, two of them supplied by solar and wind sources, and the latter one based on the exploitation of theProton Exchange Membrane (PEM) technology. Furthermore, the system includes an alkaline electrolyser, which is used as a responsive load to balance the excess of Variable Renewable Energy Sources (VRES) production, and to produce the hydrogen that will be stored into the hydrogen tank and that will be used to supply the fuel cell in case of lack of generation. The main objectives of this work are to present a validated dynamic model for every component of the HμG and to provide a strategy to reduce as much as possible the power absorption from the grid by exploiting the VRES production. The alkaline electrolyser and PEM fuel cell models are validated through real measurements. The State of Charge (SoC) of the hydrogen tank is adjusted through an adaptive scheme. Furthermore, the designed supervisor power control allows reducing the power exchange and improving the system stability. Finally, a case, considering a summer load profile measured in an electrical substation of Politecnico di Torino, is presented. The results demonstrates the advantages of a hydrogen-based micro-grid, where the hydrogen is used as medium to store the energy produced by photovoltaic and wind systems, with the aim to improve the self-sufficiency of the system
MULTIFILE
