Fouling plays a major role in the Dairy industry. Five criteria: defined flow, no circulation, real factory product, defined product temperature and defined wall temperature, are used to review articles on this topic published between 2003 and 2020. To show the effect of those criteria in experiments, a simulation model is developed. For a good experimental design to measure fouling, the use of a dairy product in a tubular heater with a known developed flow is advised. The temperature-time history of the product and the wall temperature of the heater should be recorded. Circulation of a product will increase the fouling and decrease the flow. Although none of the reviewed articles complied to all criteria, 71% of the reviewed articles met at least two criteria. If not all criteria are met, the results are of less use for the application for process lines on industrial scale. A simulated computer model can be helpful.
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gains and internal gains from appliances,heat gains from occupants are an importantsource contributing to space heating indomestic buildings. It is necessary toconsciously consider all of these heat gainswhen aiming at accurately estimating theheat loss coefficient (HLC) of a building.Whilst sensor technology and algorithms areavailable to quantify the contribution of theheating system, solar gains and electricalappliances, the accurate estimation of thesensible heat gain from occupants ischallenging due to its stochastic character.
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Lessons learned on the progress towards 4th generation district heating (4DHC) are presented from 6 pilot implementation projects in the UK, Ireland, Belgium, France, and the Netherlands (HeatNet project). The pilots have implemented the infrastructure for district heating from various (waste) heat and renewable sources to reduce CO2 emissions. With the development of long term road maps, progress is made towards the role out of 4DHC in the regions. The pilots have a different level of experience with district heating and transnational learning is specifically addressed. Purpose of the evaluation of the pilots is to give local authorities insight into barriers and solutions and the way they are closely linked to stakeholders in their geographical, politicaland cultural context in NWE. To do this, the financial, regulatory and organisational barriers the pilots face and possible solutions that were shared between the pilots are analysed in the context of system innovation. Differences in national and regional contexts have been analysed to be able to generalise solutions to a level they can be used in a different context. We will confront the pilot’s development with best and worst practice from literature and score Key Success Factors.
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