The “as eaten” method to measure the Total Dietary Fibre content and an in vitro fermentation with colon bacteria were successfully coupled to see if fibre fractions have a prebiotic effect. Similar growth pattern for modified starch, FOS and GOS were observed (Fig A). The qPCR results indicate a significant stimulation of the growth of gut bacteria by FOS and GOS and in lesser extent by the modified starch (Fig.C). Future experiments will compare the qPCR data with metagenomic analysis of in vitro and in vivo experiments.
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From the publisher: "Background: The introduction of whole new foods in a population may lead to sensitization and food allergy. This constitutes a potential public health problem and a challenge to risk assessors and managers as the existing understanding of the pathophysiological processes and the currently available biological tools for prediction of the risk for food allergy development and the severity of the reaction are not sufficient. There is a substantial body of in vivo and in vitro data describing molecular and cellular events potentially involved in food sensitization. However, these events have not been organized in a sequence of related events that is plausible to result in sensitization, and useful to challenge current hypotheses. The aim of this manuscript was to collect and structure the current mechanistic understanding of sensitization induction to food proteins by applying the concept of adverse outcome pathway (AOP). Main body: The proposed AOP for food sensitization is based on information on molecular and cellular mechanisms and pathways evidenced to be involved in sensitization by food and food proteins and uses the AOPs for chemical skin sensitization and respiratory sensitization induction as templates. Available mechanistic data on protein respiratory sensitization were included to fill out gaps in the understanding of how proteins may affect cells, cell-cell interactions and tissue homeostasis. Analysis revealed several key events (KE) and biomarkers that may have potential use in testing and assessment of proteins for their sensitizing potential. Conclusion: The application of the AOP concept to structure mechanistic in vivo and in vitro knowledge has made it possible to identify a number of methods, each addressing a specific KE, that provide information about the food allergenic potential of new proteins. When applied in the context of an integrated strategy these methods may reduce, if not replace, current animal testing approaches. The proposed AOP will be shared at the www.aopwiki.org platform to expand the mechanistic data, improve the confidence in each of the proposed KE and key event relations (KERs), and allow for the identification of new, or refinement of established KE and KERs." Authors: Jolanda H. M. van BilsenEmail author, Edyta Sienkiewicz-Szłapka, Daniel Lozano-Ojalvo, Linette E. M. Willemsen, Celia M. Antunes, Elena Molina, Joost J. Smit, Barbara Wróblewska, Harry J. Wichers, Edward F. Knol, Gregory S. Ladics, Raymond H. H. Pieters, Sandra Denery-Papini, Yvonne M. Vissers, Simona L. Bavaro, Colette Larré, Kitty C. M. Verhoeckx and Erwin L. Roggen
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Toxicity outcomes derived in vitro do not always reflect in vivo toxicity values, which was previously observed for a series of phenols tested in the embryonic stem cell test (EST). Translation of in vitro data to the in vivo situation is therefore an important, but still limiting step for the use of in vitro toxicity outcomes in the safety assessment of chemicals. The aim of the present study was to translate in vitro embryotoxicity data for a series of phenols to in vivo developmental toxic potency values for the rat by physiologically based kinetic (PBK) modelling-based reverse dosimetry. To this purpose, PBK models were developed for each of the phenols. The models were parameterised with in vitro-derived values defining metabolism and transport of the compounds across the intestinal and placental barrier and with in silico predictions and data from the literature. Using PBK-based reverse dosimetry, in vitro concentration–response curves from the EST were translated into in vivo dose–response curves from which points of departure (PoDs) were derived. The predicted PoDs differed less than 3.6-fold from PoDs derived from in vivo toxicity data for the phenols available in the literature. Moreover, the in vitro PBK-based reverse dosimetry approach could overcome the large disparity that was observed previously between the in vitro and the in vivo relative potency of the series of phenols. In conclusion, this study shows another proof-of-principle that the in vitro PBK approach is a promising strategy for non-animal-based safety assessment of chemicals.
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Chemical preservation is an important process that prevents foods, personal care products, woods and household products, such as paints and coatings, from undesirable change or decomposition by microbial growth. To date, many different chemical preservatives are commercially available, but they are also associated with health threats and severe negative environmental impact. The demand for novel, safe, and green chemical preservatives is growing, and this process is further accelerated by the European Green Deal. It is expected that by the year of 2050 (or even as soon as 2035), all preservatives that do not meet the ‘safe-by-design’ and ‘biodegradability’ criteria are banned from production and use. To meet these European goals, there is a large need for the development of green, circular, and bio-degradable antimicrobial compounds that can serve as alternatives for the currently available biocidals/ preservatives. Anthocyanins, derived from fruits and flowers, meet these sustainability goals. Furthermore, preliminary research at the Hanze University of Applied Science has confirmed the antimicrobial efficacy of rose and tulip anthocyanin extracts against an array of microbial species. Therefore, these molecules have the potential to serve as novel, sustainable chemical preservatives. In the current project we develop a strategy consisting of fractionation and state-of-the-art characterization methods of individual anthocyanins and subsequent in vitro screening to identify anthocyanin-molecules with potent antimicrobial efficacy for application in paints, coatings and other products. To our knowledge this is the first attempt that combines in-depth chemical characterization of individual anthocyanins in relation to their antimicrobial efficacy. Once developed, this strategy will allow us to single out anthocyanin molecules with antimicrobial properties and give us insight in structure-activity relations of individual anthocyanins. Our approach is the first step towards the development of anthocyanin molecules as novel, circular and biodegradable non-toxic plant-based preservatives.
The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is a strong rope-like tissue which connects the femur to the tibia in the knee joint. Its function is to provide structural stability to the knee while preventing unnatural forward movement of the tibia relative to the femur. Acute complete ACL ruptures during movements like knee hyperextension or sudden changes of direction (pivoting) damage two entities: the ligament itself and its nerve connections to the posterior tibial nerve (PTN). PTN innervation in the ACL is essential for: a) proprioception (e.g. perception of position and movement/acceleration experienced by the ligament), and b) stability of the knee joint. Upon ACL rupture, the orthopedic surgeon reconstructs the ACL with a graft from the hamstring, patellar or quadriceps tendon. After the surgery, the goal is to regain neuromuscular control and dynamic stabilization during rehabilitation as soon as possible for a quick return to sports and daily activities. However, surgeons are not able to reconstruct the nerve gap between the PTN and the grafted ligament due to the microscopic size of the innervation in the ACL. Not linking the PTN to the graft creates a disconnection between the knee joint and the spinal cord. To mitigate these disadvantages in ACL surgery, this study focuses on activating the growth of proprioception nerve endings using a ligament loaded with growth factors (neurotrophins). We hypothesize that neurotrophins will activate proprioceptive fibers of neurons close to the ACL. We describe graft fabrication steps and in vitro experiments to expand on the regeneration capacity of a commercially available ACL-like synthetic ligament called LARS. The results will bring the ACL regeneration field closer to having a graft that can aid patients in regaining mobility and stability during locomotion and running, confidence in the strength of the knee joint, and quick return to sports.
Biomassa afkomstig van stedelijk groenbeheer is grondstof voor biocascadering van benutbare biomassa componenten. Planten bevatten waardevolle inhoudstoffen die als grondstof kunnen dienen voor onder andere farmaceutica, cosmetica, voeding, veevoer, chemie, biomaterialen en bio-energie. Stedelijk groen draagt bij aan kwaliteit van leven voor burgers en biodiversiteit in de stad. Introductie van kwalitatief hoogwaardig stedelijk groen met multifunctionele eigenschappen ten aanzien van stedelijk klimaatsverbetering is op dit moment niet haalbaar vanwege de hoge kosten van aanleg en onderhoud. Het op meerdere manieren benutten van stedelijk snoeimateriaal en het circulair maken van de mineralen kringloop moet het mogelijk maken kosteneffectieve hoogwaardige beplantingen in de stedelijke ruimte te realiseren. Het groenbeheers bedrijf Ecorridors BV en het farmaciebedrijf Syncom BV hebben samen met het Kenniscentrum Biobased Economie (KCBBE) van de Hanzehogeschool Groningen onderzoek gedaan naar de ontwikkeling van nieuwe circulaire supply-chains voor het aanvoeren, extraheren en benutten van plantinhoudstoffen uit biomassa snoeimateriaal voor farmaceutische, cosmetische en nutraceutische toepassingen waarbij restmaterialen worden gecomposteerd en weer teruggebracht in de kringloop.Het project heeft het proof-of-principle van deze ideeën aangetoond en er indicatieve business-plannen voor ontwikkeld. Concreet zijn de mogelijkheden voor supply chains op basis van taxus, verfbrem en hondsroos onderzocht. Taxus is grondstof voor paclitaxel een cytostatica die in de chemotherapie van kanker wordt benut. Hanzehogeschool heeft groen extractie proces op basis van een superkritisch CO2 hiervoor ontwikkeld. Verfbrem is grondstof voor de anti-aging fytosterol genisteine. Genisteine in huidverzorgingsproducten stimuleert de aanmaak van huideigen collageen en verhoogt daarmee de huidelasticiteit. Hanzehogeschool heeft een superkritisch CO2 extractieproces hiervoor ontwikkeld en zowel met behulp van in vitro als in vivo testen de werking van cosmetica met genisteine gedemonstreerd. De derde keten is op basis van rozebottels van de hondsroos. Rozebottels zijn rijk aan antioxidanten in het vruchtvlees en olie in het zaad. Voor beide ingrediënten heeft de Hanzehogeschool superkritische extractieprocessen ontwikkeld. Toepassingen hiervoor zijn in voeding (antioxidant) en in cosmetica (olie).De voorlopige business-cases van al deze grondstoffen zien er veel belovend uit. Bij realisatie van deze business-cases dragen de project partners bij aan verder vergroenen en circulair maken van onze economie en samenleving. Vervolgonderzoek waarbij onder andere ook wordt gekeken naar de hoeveelheid microverontreinigingen in het materiaal moet uitwijzen of deze ketens ook daadwerkelijk gerealiseerd kunnen worden.
