The aim of this study was to assess the criterion validity of a new screening instrument, the Early Language Scale (ELS), for the identification of young children at risk for developmental language disorder (DLD), and to determine optimal age-adjusted cut-off scores. We recruited a community-based sample of 265 children aged 1 to 6 years of age. Parents of these children responded on the ELS, a 26-item "yes-no" questionnaire. The children were assessed with extended language tests (language comprehension, word production, sentence production, communication). A composite score out of these tests (two tests below - 1 SD or one below - 1.5 SD) was used as reference standard. We assessed the validity of the ELS, measured by sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, and AUC. The optimal sensitivity/specificity age-dependent cut-off ELS score was at 15th percentile. Sensitivity and specificity were 0.62 and 0.93, respectively. Positive predictive value was moderate (0.53), negative predictive value was high (0.95), the positive likelihood ratio was 9.16, and negative likelihood ratio was 0.41. The area under the ROC curve was 0.88. The items covered the increasing language development for the ages from 1 to 6.Conclusion: The ELS is a valid instrument to identify children with DLD covering an age range of 1 to 6 years in community-based settings.What is Known:• Early identification and treatment of developmental language disorders can reduce negative effects on children's emotional functioning, academic success, and social relationships.• Short, validated language screening instruments that cover the full age range of early childhood language development lack.What is New:• The 26-item Early Language Scale (ELS) is a valid instrument to identify children at risk for developmental language disorder in well-child care and early educational settings among Dutch children aged 1-6 years.
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Onderzoek en ontwikkeling op het gebied van kinderen met een ouder in detentieEn dit doen we al sinds 2013. Al onze kennis en praktijkervaringen hebben we samengebracht op dit platform. Gratis voor iedereen om te gebruiken, binnen én buiten de gevangenis.
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This study evaluated the effect of specific postural support on motor behaviour of infants with and without minor neurological dysfunction (MND). The following questions were addressed: (1) Does application of supportive pillows affect the time during which the infant exhibits general movements (GMs) or specific movements? We defined specific movements as movements of specific parts of the body that occur in a specific, recognizable way. (2) Does application of pillows improve the quality of GMs or the repertoire of specific movements? (3) Is a pillow effect affected by neurological condition? Forty healthy, term infants (16 males, 24 females; mean age 3.04 m [SD 1.24 mo], range 1-5 mo) participated in the study. Twenty were neurologically normal and 20 had MND. Spontaneous motor behaviour in a supine position was video-recorded for 180 seconds in four conditions applied in random order: support by a pillow in (1) the shoulder region, (2) the pelvic region, (3) the shoulder and pelvic region, or (4) no pillow support. Two independent assessors evaluated the quality of GMs. The other movement parameters were assessed with a computer program. Duration of movements was determined and a variation index, consisting of the number of different specific movements in a condition, was calculated. The presence of pillows did not affect the time spent in GMs, specific movements, or GM quality in either group. In neurologically normal infants the shoulder pillow with or without pelvic pillow induced an increase in the variation index (p<0.01), whereas in the infants with MND, all pillow conditions resulted in a substantial increase of the movement repertoire (p<0.001). Our results demonstrate that specific postural support promotes variation in motor behaviour of young infants. This is particularly true for infants with MND.
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