Many countries and health systems are pursuing integrated care as a means of achieving better outcomes. However, no standard approaches exist for comparing integration approaches across models or settings, and for evaluating whether the key components of integrated care are present in different initiatives. This study sheds light on how integrated care is being implemented in Australia, using a new tool to characterise and compare integration strategies at micro, meso and macro levels. In total, 114 staff from a purposive sample of 38 integrated care projects completed a survey based on the Rainbow Model of Integrated Care. Ten key informants gave follow-up interviews. Participating projects reported using multiple strategies to implement integrated care, but descriptions of implementation were often inconsistent. Micro-level strategies, including clinical-professional service coordination and person-centred care, were most commonly reported. A common vision was often described as an essential foundation for joint work. However, performance feedback appeared under-utilised, as did strategies requiring macro-level action such as data linkages or payment reform. The results suggest that current integrated care efforts are unevenly weighted towards micro-level strategies. Increased attention to macro-level strategies may be warranted in order to accelerate progress and sustain integrated care in Australia.
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OBJECTIVE: The World Health Organization (WHO) recently proposed an Integrated Care for Older People approach to guide health systems and services in better supporting functional ability of older people. A knowledge gap remains in the key elements of integrated care approaches used in health and social care delivery systems for older populations. The objective of this review was to identify and describe the key elements of integrated care models for elderly people reported in the literature.DESIGN: Review of reviews using a systematic search method.METHODS: A systematic search was performed in MEDLINE and the Cochrane database in June 2017. Reviews of interventions aimed at care integration at the clinical (micro), organisational/service (meso) or health system (macro) levels for people aged ≥60 years were included. Non-Cochrane reviews published before 2015 were excluded. Reviews were assessed for quality using the Assessment of Multiple Systematic Reviews (AMSTAR) 1 tool.RESULTS: Fifteen reviews (11 systematic reviews, of which six were Cochrane reviews) were included, representing 219 primary studies. Three reviews (20%) included only randomised controlled trials (RCT), while 10 reviews (65%) included both RCTs and non-RCTs. The region where the largest number of primary studies originated was North America (n=89, 47.6%), followed by Europe (n=60, 32.1%) and Oceania (n=31, 16.6%). Eleven (73%) reviews focused on clinical 'micro' and organisational 'meso' care integration strategies. The most commonly reported elements of integrated care models were multidisciplinary teams, comprehensive assessment and case management. Nurses, physiotherapists, general practitioners and social workers were the most commonly reported service providers. Methodological quality was variable (AMSTAR scores: 1-11). Seven (47%) reviews were scored as high quality (AMSTAR score ≥8).CONCLUSION: Evidence of elements of integrated care for older people focuses particularly on micro clinical care integration processes, while there is a relative lack of information regarding the meso organisational and macro system-level care integration strategies.
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BACKGROUND: Integrated care is essential for improving the management and health outcomes for people with Parkinson's disease (PD); reliable and objective measures of care integration are few.OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to test the psychometric properties of the Rainbow Model of Integrated Care Measurement Tool (RMIC-MT, provider version) for healthcare professionals involved in PD care.METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was administered online to an international network representing 95 neurology centers across 41 countries and 588 healthcare providers. Exploratory factor analysis with principal axis extraction method was used to assess construct validity. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to evaluate model fit of the RMIC-MT provider version. Cronbach's alpha was used to assess the internal consistency reliability.RESULTS: Overall, 371 care providers (62% response rate) participated in this study. No item had psychometric sensitivity problems. Nine factors (professional coordination, cultural competence, triple aims outcome, system coordination, clinical coordination, technical competence, community-centeredness, person-centeredness, and organizational coordination) with 42 items were determined by exploratory factor analysis. Cronbach's alpha ranged from 0.76 (clinical coordination) to 0.94 (system coordination) and showed significant correlation among all items in the scale (>0.4), indicating good internal consistency reliability. The confirmatory factor analysis model passed most goodness-of-fit tests, thereby confirming the factor structure of nine categories with a total of 40 items.CONCLUSIONS: The results provide evidence for the construct validity and other psychometric properties of the provider version of the RMIC-MT to measure integrated care in PD. © 2023 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Background: A hospital group is an organizational integration strategy that has recently been widely implemented in Chinese urban health systems to promote integrated care. This study aims to evaluate the effect of hospital group on integrated care from the perspectives of both patients and care professionals. Methods: Two cross-sectional surveys were conducted in Shenzhen city of China, in June 2018 and July 2021. All 30 community health stations (CHSs) in the hospital group were included in the intervention group, with 30 CHSs in the same district selected as the control group by simple random sampling. All care professionals within both the intervention and the control groups were invited to participate in the surveys. Twelve CHSs were selected from 30 CHSs in the intervention and the control groups by simple random sampling, and 20 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) were selected from each of these selected CHSs to participate in the survey by systematic sampling. The Chinese version Rainbow Model of Integrated Care Measurement Tool (C-RMIC-MT) was used to assess integrated care. Propensity score matching and difference-in-differences regression (PSM-DID) were used to evaluate the effect of the hospital group on integrated care. Results: After matching, 528 patients and 1896 care professionals were included in the DID analysis. Results from care professionals indicated that the hospital group significantly increased technical competence of the health system by 0.771 points, and cultural competence by 1.423 points. Results from patients indicated that the hospital group significantly decreased organizational integration of the health system by 0.649 points. Conclusion: The results suggests that the effect of the hospital group on integrated care over and above routine strategies for integrated care is limited. Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to implementing professional, clinical and other integration strategies beyond establishing hospital groups, in urban Chinese health systems.
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Doelstellingen Na bestudering van dit hoofdstuk: • weet je dat gereguleerde marktwerking in het Nederlandse zorgstelsel niet zonder problemen is; • weet je dat bekostiging van zorg in belangrijke mate bepalend is voor de inrichting en vormgeving van zorgprocessen; • besef je dat de huidige regels rondom bekostiging van zorg de inrichting van preventieve zorg in de weg staan; • heb je kennis genomen van alternatieve vormen van bekostiging van zorg, ieder met eigen voordelen en nadelen; • besef je dat een zorgdomeinoverstijgend perspectief noodzakelijk is, omdat een goede gezondheid ook bepaald wordt door factoren die buiten het zorgdomein liggen; • weet je dat maatschappelijke effecten niet altijd in cijfers zijn uit te drukken en dat een maatschappelijke kosten-batenanalyse hier mogelijk uitkomst kan bieden; • heb je kennis genomen van het ‘waarom’, ‘hoe’ en ‘wat’ van businessmodellen in de zorg.
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OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between integrated care and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in a primary care practice population.DESIGN: A cross-sectional survey study.SETTING: Primary care practice population.PARTICIPANTS: A sample (n=5562) of patients in two general practitioner practices in the Netherlands.PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURES: The Rainbow Model of Integrated Care Measurement Tool patient version and EQ-5D was used to assess integrated service delivery and HRQOL. The association between integrated care and HRQOL groups was analysed using multivariate logistic regression.RESULTS: Overall, 933 respondents with a mean age of 62 participated (20% response rate) in this study. The multivariate analysis revealed that positive organisational coordination experiences were linked to better HRQOL (OR=1.87, 95% CI 1.18 to 2.95), and less anxiety and depression problems (OR=0.36, 95% CI 0.20 to 0.63). Unemployment was associated with a poor HRQOL (OR=0.15, 95% CI 0.08 to 0.28). Ageing was associated with more mobility (OR=1.06, 95% CI 1.04 to 1.09), self-care (OR=1.06, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.11), usual activity (OR=1.03, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.05) and pain problems (OR=1.02, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.04). Being married improved the overall HRQOL (OR=1.60, 95% CI 1.13 to 2.26) and decreased anxiety and depression (OR=0.47, 95% CI 0.31 to 0.72). Finally, females had a poor overall HRQOL (OR=1.67, 95% CI 0.48 to 0.93) and more pain and discomfort problems (OR=1.47, 95% CI 1.11 to 1.95).CONCLUSION: This study shows for the first time that organisational coordination activities are positively associated with HROQL of adult patients in a primary care context, adding to the evidence of an association between integrated care and HRQOL. Also, unemployment, ageing and being female are accumulating risk factors that should be considered when designing integrated primary care programmes. Further research is needed to explore how various integration types relate to HRQOL for people in local communities.
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Cybercriminaliteit is een veelvoorkomend probleem geworden in Nederland (CBS, 2022). Nederlandse gemeenten hebben cybercrime dan ook breed als beleidsprioriteit opgepakt. Gemeenten geven daarbij aan behoefte te hebben aan handvaten om hun inwoners en ondernemers weerbaarder te maken tegen cybercriminaliteit. In het project “Cyberweerbaarheid: Een gemeentelijk offensief ter preventie van slachtofferschap van cybercrime” werken professionals uit twaalf4 gemeenten en vier5 regionale veiligheidsnetwerken samen met onderzoekers van de Haagse Hogeschool, Hogeschool Saxion en het Nederlands Studiecentrum Criminaliteit en Rechtshandhaving (NSCR) aan wetenschappelijk onderbouwde interventies waaromee ambtenaren openbare orde en veiligheid de cyberweerbaarheid van burgers en bedrijven binnen hun gemeente kunnen vergroten. In dit rapport staat slachtofferschap van cybercriminaliteit onder mkb’ers centraal. Het midden‐ en kleinbedrijf (mkb) wordt relatief vaak slachtoffer van cybercriminaliteit en ondervindt hiervan in hoge mate schade (CBS, 2018; Notté et al., 2019). Met name de toename van slachtofferschap van ransomware binnen het mkb is een zorgelijke ontwikkeling. Het is van groot belang dat mkb’ers maatregelen nemen om een ransomware aanval te voorkomen en de schade zo veel mogelijk te beperken. Beschermende maatregelen worden echter door veel mkb’ers slechts in geringe mate ingezet (Bekkers et al., 2021; CBS, 2021; Notté et al., 2019; Veenstra et al., 2015). De cyberweerbaarheid van mkb’ers (het vermogen van een organisatie om cyberincidenten te weerstaan, daarop te kunnen reageren en van te herstellen, zodat de organisatie operationeel blijft) is daardoor te beperkt. In dit rapport presenteren we de ontwikkeling en evaluatie van een interventie genaamd “MKB Cyber Buddy’s”. Het doel van de interventie is om de weerbaarheid van mkb’ers tegen ransomware te vergroten. De interventie is er op gericht om mkb’ers niet alleen te informeren over cybercriminaliteit, maar ze ook door actieve deelname tot een positieve gedragsverandering te brengen. Onder mkb’ers verstaan we in dit onderzoek ondernemers met minimaal één en maximaal 250 werknemers. De hoofdvraag in dit rapport is: Is de interventie “MKB cyber buddy’s” een effectieve interventie voor Nederlandse gemeenten om de cyberweerbaarheid van mkb’ers in hun gemeente met betrekking tot ransomware te bevorderen? Het doel van dit rapport is tweeledig. Enerzijds beschrijft dit rapport de onderbouwing en ontwikkeling van de interventie “MKB Cyber Buddy’s”. Anderzijds beschrijft dit rapport de evaluatie van de pilot die is uitgevoerd in 2022, betreffende de effectiviteit, sterke kanten, valkuilen en onvoorziene gevolgen van de interventie. Hiermee zullen inzichten geboden worden in hoe de interventie verbeterd kan worden en in de toekomst op grotere schaal kan worden ingezet.
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In most countries, the demand for integrated care for people with chronic diseases is increasing as the population ages. This demand requires a fundamental shift of health-care systems towards more integrated service delivery models. To achieve this shift in China, the World Health Organization, the World Bank and the Chinese government proposed a tiered health-care delivery system in accordance with a people-centred integrated care model. The approach was pioneered in Luohu district of Shenzhen city from 2015 to 2017 as a template for practice. In September 2017, China's health ministry introduced this approach to people-centred integrated care to the entire country. We describe the features of the Luohu model in relation to the core action areas and implementation strategies proposed and we summarize data from an evaluation of the first two years of the programme. We discuss the challenges faced during implementation and the lessons learnt from it for other health-care systems. We consider how to improve collaboration between institutions, how to change the population's behaviour about using community health services as the first point of contact and how to manage resources effectively to avoid budget deficits. Finally, we outline next steps of the Luohu model and its potential application to strengthen health care in other urban health-care systems.
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OBJECTIVE: To assess the reliability and validity of a shortened version of the Rainbow Model of Integrated Care (RMIC) measurement tool (MT). The original version of the measurement tool has been modified (shortened) for the Australian context.DESIGN: Validation of the psychometric properties of the RMIC-MT.SETTING: Healthcare providers providing services to a geographically defined rural area in New South Wales (NSW), Australia.PARTICIPANTS: A sample of 56 healthcare providers providing mental and physical healthcare.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The psychometric properties of the tool were tested using principal component analysis for validity and Cronbach's alpha for reliability.RESULTS: The tool was shown to have good validity and reliability. The 35 items used in the shortened version of the tool were reduced to 29 items grouped into four dimensions: community-governance orientation, normative integration, functional integration and clinical-professional coordination.CONCLUSIONS: The shortened version of the RMIC-MT is a valid and reliable tool that evaluates integrated care from a healthcare provider's perspective in NSW, Australia. In order to assess the tool's appropriateness in an international context, future studies should focus on validating the tool in other healthcare settings.
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Binnen het Raak Pro project ‘Praten kan ik niet …, maar communiceren wil ik wel’ hebben we onderzoek gedaan naar het gebruik van Communicatie Ondersteunende Hulpmiddelen (COH) bij kinderen/jongeren met ernstige communicatieve en meervoudige beperkingen. Het ging om kinderen/jongeren die niet, nauwelijks of zeer slecht verstaanbaar spreken vanwege hun meervoudige beperkingen. We onderzochten hoe zij en mensen in hun omgeving, bijvoorbeeld ouders, leraren en/of behandelaars geholpen konden worden bij het zoeken, selecteren en inzetten van de best passende en meest adequate hulpmiddelen om de communicatie van het kind/de jongere te ondersteunen en verder te ontwikkelen. Goede, optimaal aangepaste hulmiddelen, methoden en technieken voor communicatieondersteuning vergroten de mogelijkheden en kansen van deze kinderen en jongeren om meer (zelf)redzaam te worden, meer regie te hebben over eigen kwaliteit van leven en meer succesvol deel te nemen aan verschillende activiteiten in allerlei sociale en maatschappelijke contexten: thuis, op school, in dagbesteding of werk en in de vrije tijd. Hiervoor is een Routekaart ontwikkeld. Onderdeel van de Routekaart is het proces van assessment waarin onderzocht wordt welke barrières/functioneringsproblemen het kind/de jongere ervaart bij het communiceren met anderen; wat zijn/haar behoeften en wensen zijn wat betreft het communiceren en welke mogelijkheden de persoon heeft om, eventueel met behulp van een COH, te kunnen communiceren in alledaagse levenssituaties.
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