Affective teacher–child relationships have frequently been investigated in school settings, but less attention has been devoted to these relationships in after-school care. This study explored caregiver- (N = 90) and child-informed reports (N = 90) of the affective caregiver–child relationship (N = 180 dyads) in Dutch after-school care, exploring gender differences at caregiver and child level and the relationship with a gender match between children and caregivers. The caregivers and children reported relatively high levels of closeness and relatively low level of conflict and dependency/autonomy support, irrespective of gender. Multilevel regression analyses revealed that a gender match between child and caregiver was associated with teacher-reported closeness: levels were highest in female-girl dyads and lowest in male-boy dyads. Further, boys indicated the highest levels of autonomy in male-boy dyads, whereas girls indicated the lowest levels in female-girl dyads. Masculinity of staff was associated with more child-reported autonomy support, whereas femininity predicted caregiver-reported closeness in the relationship.
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In Nederland verleent ongeveer een derde van de volwassen bevolking onbetaalde zorg. Het verlenen van mantelzorg kan in normale tijden zeer belastend zijn, maar de impact van een volksgezondheidscrisis op mantelzorgers is grotendeels onbekend. Deze studie richt zich op de vraag hoe de belasting van mantelzorgers veranderde na de COVID-19 pandemie en welke kenmerken verband hielden met deze veranderingen. We gebruiken zelfgerapporteerde gegevens van een steekproef van 965 mantelzorgers uit Nederland na 3 maanden pandemie om te onderzoeken hoe de objectieve belasting (d.w.z. uren besteed aan mantelzorg) en de subjectieve belasting waren veranderd, en wat hun zorggerelateerde kwaliteit van leven (CarerQol) was. We vonden dat de subjectieve belasting gemiddeld licht was toegenomen (van 4,75 naar 5,04 op een schaal van 0-10). Uit onze analyse bleek echter dat sommige zorgverleners er meer last van hadden dan anderen. De zwaarst getroffen zorgverleners waren vrouwen, met een laag inkomen, een betere lichamelijke gezondheid, een verminderde psychische gezondheid, zorgtaken voor kinderen, een langere duur van de zorg en zorgverleners die zorgden voor iemand met een verminderde lichamelijke en psychische gezondheid. Gemiddeld bleef de tijd die aan zorg werd besteed gelijk (een mediaan van 15 uur per week), maar bepaalde groepen zorgverleners ervoeren wel een verandering, namelijk degenen die zorg verleenden aan mensen in een instelling en aan mensen met een betere psychologische gezondheid vóór de pandemie. Bovendien hadden zorgverleners die veranderingen in objectieve belasting ervoeren niet dezelfde kenmerken als degenen die veranderingen in ervaren belasting en kwaliteit van leven ervoeren. Dit laat zien dat de gevolgen van een volksgezondheidscrisis voor zorgverleners niet kunnen worden gevangen door alleen te kijken naar objectieve of subjectieve belastingsmaten of kwaliteit van leven. Beleid voor langdurige zorg dat erop gericht is zorgverleners te ondersteunen om vol te houden tijdens een toekomstige crisis, moet gericht zijn op zorgverleners met een verhoogd risico op subjectieve belasting en een lagere CarerQol, zoals vrouwen, mensen met een laag inkomen en mensen met zorgtaken. Dergelijk beleid moet er rekening mee houden dat een vermindering van de objectieve belasting niet noodzakelijk leidt tot een vermindering van de subjectieve belasting voor alle zorgverleners.
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More women are attending university than ever before and a quarter of the world’s top universities have appointed a female president, but research shows that female academics are being pushed out of academia and are evaluated lower than male lecturers, which could stifle their careers. So what’s the state of play at the moment, and what can we do to redress the balance?
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This chapter applies the theory of symbolic interactionism to present the qualitative analysis of 51 sentencing decisions in domestic violence homicide cases processed in Polish courts. It is argued in this chapter that sentencing, like any other human action, is subject to interpretations at the hands of judges, who engage in the construction and meaning-making process of gender at the sentencing stage. The findings demonstrate the diversely-constructed presence of gendered narratives, which vary in terms of their inclusion of the domestic violence terminology and/or the discussion on the fulfilment of socially-prescribed gender roles. The analysis has exposed a powerful interplay between the judges’ perception of the (abusive) relationship, gender roles, and the defendant’s/victim’s acquiescence to them, which in consequence makes women more likely the subject of double standards of conformity. The chapter offers a qualitative outlook on the topic and invites a new theoretical perspective to shift the attention from the impact of gender – to the meaning of gender – in sentencing decisions.
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This study provides an illustration of a research design complementary to randomized controlled trial to evaluate program effects, namely, participatory peer research (PPR). The PPR described in current study was carried out in a small sample (N = 10) of young adults with mild intellectual disabilities (MID) and severe behavioral problems. During the PPR intervention, control and feedback to individuals is restored by training them to become participant-researchers, who collaborate in a small group of people with MID. Their research is aimed at the problems the young adults perceive and/or specific subjects of their interest. The study was designed as a multiple case study with an experimental and comparison group. Questionnaires and a semistructured interview were administered before and after the PPR project. Results of Reliable Change Index (RCI) analyses showed a decrease in self-serving cognitive distortions in the PPR group, but not in the comparison group. These results indicate that PPR helps to compensate for a lack of adequate feedback and control, and in turn may decrease distorted thinking and thereby possibly later challenging behavior.
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To prevent the social worker being jammed between the economic and rationalized logic of managers and politicians on the one hand, and the life world of the people on the other, he needs to develop a healthy identity. The social constructive view can help to overcome the identity crisis the social professional is in. It offers a model to analyze the conflict a social professional has to deal with, and forces the social worker to make a clear and moral choice for the life world of his clients. This view seems also suitable to develop an indigenous body of practice theory for social work. The presence theory, the family group work and constructive social work demonstrates the possibilities. To regain confidence from both the people and the politicians, the rationalized system of planning and control has to be replaced by the trust model. To develop this model we have to find ways to justify the money used in this sector.
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The objective of this study is to illuminate the effects of intensive aid on the self-reliance and independence of single mothers, and to show what is and what can be done to improve the empowerment of this group. Firstly the paper focuses on the effects of intensive social aid on the self-reliance and independence of single mothers, and how this affects the process of regaining social inclusion in each of the home countries. Secondly the results are compared with the second country, in respect of the socio-economic and cultural circumstances. This study is based upon a comparative data collected from randomly selected single mothers in each country. In the Netherlands information was collected during in-depth interviews; in Cyprus semi-structured interviews and questionnaires were used. The aim is to shed light on the issues that impact on the lives and the well-being of these mothers and their children in their social context. This chapter presents sections of two large research projects which attempted to investigate the single-mother families from the woman’s perspective, and it aims to analyse the following: • Factors that hinder and improve the independent life of a single mother • Choices that women make during the offered aid period and their motives • The results of this change.
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Background Little is known about the nature and reactions to sexual abuse of children with intellectual disability (ID). The aim was to fill this gap. Method Official reports of sexual abuse of children with ID in state care were examined (N = 128) and compared with children without ID (N = 48). Results Clear signs of penetration or genital touching by male (adolescent) peers or (step/foster) fathers were found in most ID reports. Victims often received residential care and disclosed themselves. Type of perpetrator seemed to affect the nature and reaction to the abuse. Cases of children with and without ID seemed to differ in location and reports to police. Conclusions Screening of (foster)homes seems crucial. Residential facilities should find a balance between independence of children and protection. Care providers should be trained in addressing sexual issues and sexual education, accounting for different types of perpetrators (peers/adults). Uniform reporting guidelines are needed.
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Den Haag en Genève zijn beide gastheer van vele Internationale Organisaties (IO’s) en non-gouvernementele organisaties (ngo’s). West-Europese, middelgrote steden kampen met toegenomen concurrentie op het gebied van het gastheerschap van organisaties als gevolg van de globalisering. Het doel van dit artikel is om Den Haag en Genève te vergelijken op het gebied van hun beleid ten aanzien van IO’s en ngo’s. Dit artikel behandelt de volgende onderzoeksvraag: Hoe is het beleid van Den Haag en Genève op het gebied van aantrekken en behouden van IO’s en ngo’s veranderd en op welke wijze kan de concurrentiepositie van beide steden worden verbeterd? De uitkomsten: Genève richt zich meer op het behouden terwijl Den Haag daarnaast ook focust op het aantrekken van organisaties. Genève is een omnivoor terwijl Den Haag zich vooral richt op thema’s als Vrede en Recht. Verbeterpunten zijn: internationale bereikbaarheid en medische voorzieningen (Den Haag), de woningmarkt en het parkeerprobleem (Genève), kinderopvang en het scheppen van discussiecentra (beide).
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Hoofdstuk in The history of youth work in Europe and its relevance for youth policy today. Youth work in the Netherlands goes back a long way and since the 1970s has taken on a rather strong professional image. During the last decades, it went through some hard times, but recently it has undergone a revival and revaluation. (Griensven & Smeets, 2003). The first section of this paper is about how the characteristics of the Dutch affect social work and youth work concepts. The second part discusses the Dutch framework for youth work: definition, fields of activities, core tasks and the ambiguous relationship between youth work and social work. The third section deals with the history of youth work. The paper concludes with a reflection on the future directions that youth work could take. The article is based on Dutch historical research, some by the author, and the author’s involvement in youth work, both as a youth worker and editor- in- chief of the semi-scientific journal Jeugd en samenleving.
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