Thinking back and forth between observing physical phenomena and developing scientific ideas, also known as hands-on and minds-on learning, is essential for the development of scientific reasoning in primary science education. In the Netherlands, inquiry-based learning is advocated as the preferred teaching method. However, most teachers lack time and sufficient pedagogical content knowledge to adequately provide the teaching required for this. To address this problem, we designed and evaluated science and technology lessons, consisting of hands-on experiments combined with interactive diagrams, aimed at scaffolding primary school students (9–12 years) in the development of their scientific reasoning. Our proof-of-concept uses an online application, that lets students work through the lessons while alternating hands-on and minds-on activities. A study was carried out (n = 490) showing that most students successfully complete the lessons within a standard lesson timeframe. The approach enables students to effectively apply several types of scientific reasoning and to do so more autonomously than in traditional science classes.
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Building on the Minds-On project, this study developed the online module “Celestial Bodies” to enhance hands-on and minds-on learning, providing students with individualised feedback prompts to monitor and identify weaknesses in their understanding. The lesson centred on classifying 14 celestial bodies based on three properties, with the guidance of the online module and a map and cards. This study aimed to (1) enhance student engagement with the software, and (2) asses the impact of guided instructions and feedback prompts. We introduce our interactive lesson, present findings, and discuss their benefits in upper primary education classes to enhance student engagement, concept learning, emphasising enhanced integration of minds-on and hands-on activities.
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Practical work provides the opportunity for students to make a connection between hands-on activities and minds-on concepts. In this study, lesson design principles were investigated for stimulating Thinking-Back-and-Forth (TBF) between hands-on and minds-on aspects. Nine practical lessons intended to stimulate minds-on learning experiences were designed. These lessons contained an assignment and guidance aimed at stimulating TBF and mitigation of the cognitive load of hands-on aspects. Student learner reports were evaluated for reported minds-on learning, and the lessons were video-recorded. Results show that the design principles stimulate minds-on learning. Therefore, educational practice can benefit from using the design principles described.
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