This paper discusses a recent (and ongoing) Dutch television series called Penoza (Kro, 2010-). It portrays the Dutch criminal milieu from the perspective of the daughter of an Amsterdam mobster who shortly into the first season will be the widow of another criminal. Against her wishes she is drawn into the criminal activities of her husband. She feels she has to protect her children and provide for them. Although involved in murder and mayhem while gaining control of the trade in hard drugs, critics applaud the character for taking being a mother seriously. While for women police officers motherhood is usually their Achilles heel, the part of their life in and with which they pay for their ambition and for usurping male authority, it is apparently not a problem for a criminal to do so? Against the dual backgrounds of feminist interrogation of crime fiction and feminism's uneasy relation to motherhood ideology, this people will try to demythologize motherhood. The paper is based on a discourse analysis of all reviews over 250 words that appeared in the Dutch press between August 2010 and August 2015.
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Background: Empowerment is expected to have a beneficial effect on a woman’s well-being during the perinatal period and her readiness to face the challenges of motherhood. In the literature on pregnancy and childbirth, empowerment is used widely in different contexts, with different connotations and often without a definition, thus indicating a lack of clarity of what is actually meant by the concept. Objective: To report an analysis of the concept of women’s empowerment in the context of the perinatal period. Methods: We used the concept analysis framework of Walker and Avant to analyse the concept of women’s empowerment during pregnancy and childbirth. In July 2018, we did a systematic search in EBSCOhost, including the database MEDLINE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, PsycARTICLES and SocINDEX, using keywords: empower, women, childbirth and their synonyms. All selected papers were analysed for definitions of empowerment, defining attributes, antecedents and consequences. Results: Ninety-seven scientific papers from all continents were included in the analysis. Defining attributes, antecedents, consequences and empirical referents are discussed, and a model case as well as related and contrary cases are presented. Conclusion: Attributes, external and internal to the woman, were identified. Both types of attributes need to be considered within the broader socio-cultural-economic-political landscape of the individual woman, in conjunction with a woman’s belief in herself and her meaningful interconnectedness with carers. Relevance: This study resulted in an understanding of empowerment in the context of pregnancy and childbirth that can be used in research and for the development of interventions preparing women for childbirth and their subsequent transition to motherhood.
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