Het debat rondom onderzoek lijkt een steeds prominentere rol te gaan spelen in de actuele kunstpraktijk. Inmiddels worden er ook regelmatig in Nederland conferenties en expertmeetings georganiseerd over de wijze waarop onderzoek in de kunsten kanplaatsvinden, en hoe dit ‘artistieke onderzoek’ zich verhoudt tot andere vormen van (wetenschappelijk) onderzoek. Tot nu toe leverden deze discussies echter zelden goedbeargumenteerde criteria of richtlijnen op. Het nieuwste boek van Mika Hannula (in samenwerking met Juho Suoranta en Tere Vaden) Artistic Research: Theories, Methodsand Practices (Helsinki, 2005) wil een einde maken aan dit wetenschapsfilosofische tekortdoor zich volledig te richten op methodologische vraagstukken.
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Learning theories broadly characterised as constructivist, agree on the importance to learning of the environment, but differ on what exactly it is that constitutes this importance. Accordingly, they also differ on the educational consequences to be drawn from the theoretical perspective. Cognitive constructivism focuses on the active role of the learner, and on real-life learning. Social-learning theories, comprising the socio-historical, socio-cultural theories as well as the situated-learning and community-of-practice approaches, emphasise learning as being a process within and a product of the social context. Critical-learning theory stresses that this social context is a man-made construction, which should be approached critically and transformed in order to create a better world. We propose to view these different approaches as contributions to our understanding of the learning-environment relationship, and their educational impact as questions to be addressed to educational contexts.
DOCUMENT
While criminality is digitizing, a theory-based understanding of the impact of cybercrime on victims is lacking. Therefore, this study addresses the psychological and financial impact of cybercrime on victims, applying the shattered assumptions theory (SAT) to predict that impact. A secondary analysis was performed on a representative data set of Dutch citizens (N = 33,702), exploring the psychological and financial impact for different groups of cybercrime victims. The results showed a higher negative impact on emotional well-being for victims of person-centered cybercrime, victims for whom the offender was an acquaintance, and victims whose financial loss was not compensated and a lower negative impact on emotional well-being for victims with a higher income. The study led to novel scientific insights and showed the applicability of the SAT for developing hypotheses about cybercrime victimization impact. In this study, most hypotheses had to be rejected, leading to the conclusion that more work has to be done to test the applicability of the SAT in the field of cybercrime. Furthermore, policy implications were identified considering the prioritization of and approach to specific cybercrimes, treatment of victims, and financial loss compensation.
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