Leisure constraints affecting participation can be divided into intrapersonal, interpersonal, and structural constraints. Only a few studies in the event industry have investigated the role of leisure constraints. These studies show different effects of leisure constraints on participation. The purpose of this article is to examine the influence of leisure constraints on revisit intention regarding music festivals. This study is of quantitative nature and utilizes survey research. A sample of 1,063 respondents was used within the analyses, measuring the influence of perceived constraints on revisit intention. The results show that intrapersonal constraints (a lack of importance and interest) and structural constraints (travel time, a lack of time, costs, and a lack of satisfaction with the festival area) significantly influence revisit intention. In line with results from other leisure industries, intrapersonal constraints show the strongest effects. Interpersonal constraints do not affect revisit intentions. Music festivals should ideally maintain a high level of engagement with the visitors throughout the year to ensure continuous involvement.
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It is important to understand consumer behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic because it may support organizations to recover. Risk perceptions are likely to play a role in influencing intentions to visit a cultural heritage destination. The goal of this study is to describe risk perceptions and to examine the influence of these perceptions on the revisit intentions to a cultural heritage location during the COVID-19 era in the Netherlands. In this quantitative study, a sample of 470 respondents is used. Our model was tested using structural equation modeling. The results show that the respondents take COVID-19 seriously and that part of the respondents do not feel comfortable taking domestic trips. Nevertheless, the respondents have faith in the hygiene measures taken by the location they have visited earlier, and they believe a revisit would still be satisfactory. Whilst the model shows a good fit with the data, contrary to expectations, there is no relationship between six risk perceptions and the revisit intention. The study stresses the importance of establishing relationships with existing visitors and building upon their trust.
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Cultural festivals can attract cultural tourists, extend the tourist season and add vibrancy to the cultural scene. However, there is relatively little research on how festivals affect tourist experience of the destination or outcomes such as satisfaction or repeat visitation. This study used the Event Experience Scale to measure tourist experiences at three cultural festivals in Hong Kong – the Lantern Festival, Dragon Boat Festival and the Cheung Chau Bun Festival. The findings show that tourist experiences of these festivals are distinct, and they positively affect destination image and behavioural outcomes. Relative to permanent attractions and tours, festival experiences elicit stronger affective, conative and novelty responses. Festivals also convey a stronger impression of Hong Kong as a destination exhibiting Chinese and traditional culture, but less as a global city. The festival experience is associated with positive outcomes, namely greater satisfaction, intention to recommend and intention to return.
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