Leisure constraints affecting participation can be divided into intrapersonal, interpersonal, and structural constraints. Only a few studies in the event industry have investigated the role of leisure constraints. These studies show different effects of leisure constraints on participation. The purpose of this article is to examine the influence of leisure constraints on revisit intention regarding music festivals. This study is of quantitative nature and utilizes survey research. A sample of 1,063 respondents was used within the analyses, measuring the influence of perceived constraints on revisit intention. The results show that intrapersonal constraints (a lack of importance and interest) and structural constraints (travel time, a lack of time, costs, and a lack of satisfaction with the festival area) significantly influence revisit intention. In line with results from other leisure industries, intrapersonal constraints show the strongest effects. Interpersonal constraints do not affect revisit intentions. Music festivals should ideally maintain a high level of engagement with the visitors throughout the year to ensure continuous involvement.
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It is important to understand consumer behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic because it may support organizations to recover. Risk perceptions are likely to play a role in influencing intentions to visit a cultural heritage destination. The goal of this study is to describe risk perceptions and to examine the influence of these perceptions on the revisit intentions to a cultural heritage location during the COVID-19 era in the Netherlands. In this quantitative study, a sample of 470 respondents is used. Our model was tested using structural equation modeling. The results show that the respondents take COVID-19 seriously and that part of the respondents do not feel comfortable taking domestic trips. Nevertheless, the respondents have faith in the hygiene measures taken by the location they have visited earlier, and they believe a revisit would still be satisfactory. Whilst the model shows a good fit with the data, contrary to expectations, there is no relationship between six risk perceptions and the revisit intention. The study stresses the importance of establishing relationships with existing visitors and building upon their trust.
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Visits to sites associated with death and suffering are considered emotionally laden. Few studies empirically investigated visitor emotions at such sites. This study examines emotional responses of 241 visitors to concentration camp memorial Neuengamme and assesses how emotions are associated with long-term consequences of revisit intentions and positive word of mouth. Tourists experience negative emotions more intensely compared with positive emotions. Negative emotions predict long-term behavioral intentions more than positive emotions do. Shock and sadness are of particular importance. This study suggests that certain negative emotions also have the power to broaden-and-build and may have long-term behavioral consequences.
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