Dit rapport betreft een internationale literatuurreview naar studies over voorspellende effecten van selectie voorafgaand aan de lerarenopleiding. Er is literatuur verzameld waarin aan de hand van empirisch bewijsmateriaal wordt besproken in hoeverre bepaalde selectie-instrumenten en –procedures voorspellende waarde hebben ten aanzien van uitkomstmaten die van belang zijn voor het functioneren als leraar. Teneinde de problematiek van de lerarenopleiding in een breder kader te kunnen bespreken, is bovendien via aanvullende literatuurstudie nagegaan wat de voorspellende effecten zijn van selectieprocedures die worden gehanteerd bij enkele andere opleidingen die relevant zijn voor lerarenopleidingen. Hierbij gaat het concreet om medische opleidingen en de politieacademie omdat deze opleiden tot beroepen die, net als dat van leraar, worden gekenmerkt door (mondelinge) interactie met groepen en/of individuen, soms in stressvolle situaties. Selectieve opleidingen op het gebied van kunst of sport zijn buiten beschouwing gelaten. Hoofdconclusies is dat er weinig wetenschappelijke evidentie is ten aanzien van selectiecriteria en selectie-instrumenten voor de lerarenopleidingen. Uit de beschikbare literatuur komt het beeld naar voren dat een mix van criteria en instrumenten de grootste voorspellende waarde heeft. De in dit rapport beschrijven literatuurstudie bouwt voort op een eerder verrichte studie naar de wenselijkheid van de invoering van selectie op basis van geschiktheid voor het beroep van leraar (Snoek et al., 2014). [LINK]. Het rapport is tot stand gekomen in opdracht van NRO en op verzoek van het Ministerie van OCW.
OBJECTIVE: This paper describes the development of a physical training programme for cancer patients. Four related but conceptually and empirically distinct physical problems are described: decreased aerobic capacity, decreased muscle strength, fatigue and impaired role physical functioning. The study aimed to identify the optimal content for an exercise programme that addresses these four physical problems, based on the highest level of evidence available. The study further aimed to review the evidence available on the delivery of the programmes. The final goal was to develop a programme in which content and delivery are based on the best available evidence.METHODS: Literature searches (PUBMED and MEDLINE, to July 2006) on content looked for evidence about the efficacy of exercise on aerobic capacity, muscle strength, fatigue and impaired role physical functioning. Literature searches on delivery looked for self-management and/or self-efficacy enhancing techniques in relation to outcome, adherence to and/or adoption of a physically active lifestyle.RESULTS: Evidence on the effectiveness of exercise in cancer patients varies and increases when moving from muscle strength (RCT level), fatigue and physical role functioning to aerobic capacity (all at the meta-analysis level). Effect sizes for aerobic capacity were moderate, while effect sizes for fatigue and physical role functioning were zero and/or small. Many of the studies have significant methodological shortcomings. There was some evidence (meta-analyses) that self-management programmes and self-efficacy enhancing programmes have beneficial effects on health outcomes in a variety of chronic diseases, on the quality of life in cancer patients, and on exercise adherence and later exercise behaviour.CONCLUSION: Limited data are available on the effectiveness of exercise for cancer patients. Although evidence supports the positive effects of exercise on exercise capacity during and after completion of cancer treatment, the effects for fatigue and role functioning are ambiguous. Evidence on the effectiveness of progressive exercise training on muscle strength is promising. In addition, some evidence supports the positive effects of self-management programmes and self-efficacy enhancing programmes on health outcomes, exercise adherence and later exercise behaviour.PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: The resulting programme was developed on the basis of the highest quality of evidence available regarding content and delivery. The content is based on information obtained from the present review, and on the recommendations of the American College of Sports Medicine. Potential advantages of the programme include: (a) tailored physical training towards focusing on the patient's established problems and (b) delivery of the training as a self-management programme that might have beneficial effects on health outcome, exercise adherence and a long-term physically active lifestyle.
Dealing with and maintaining high-quality standards in the design and construction phases is challenging, especially for on-site construction. Issues like improper implementation of building components and poor communication can widen the gap between design specifications and actual conditions. To prevent this, particularly for energy-efficient buildings, it is vital to develop resilient, sustainable strategies. These should optimize resource use, minimize environmental impact, and enhance livability, contributing to carbon neutrality by 2050 and climate change mitigation. Traditional post-occupancy evaluations, which identify defects after construction, are impractical for addressing energy performance gaps. A new, real-time inspection approach is necessary throughout the construction process. This paper suggests an innovative guideline for prefabricated buildings, emphasizing digital ‘self-instruction’ and ‘self-inspection’. These procedures ensure activities impacting quality adhere to specific instructions, drawings, and 3D models, incorporating the relevant acceptance criteria to verify completion. This methodology, promoting alignment with planned energy-efficient features, is supported by BIM-based software and Augmented Reality (AR) tools, embodying Industry 4.0 principles. BIM (Building Information Modeling) and AR bridge the gap between virtual design and actual construction, improving stakeholder communication and enabling real-time monitoring and adjustments. This integration fosters accuracy and efficiency, which are key for energy-efficient and nearly zero-energy buildings, marking a shift towards a more precise, collaborative, and environmentally sensible construction industry.
