Bildung can be seen as a pedagogy of Interruption that opens up a “concern for publicness” (Biesta 2011) This in order "to disclose the identity of the agent, and to actualize our capacity for freedom. To perform what is “infinitely improbable”. (Arendt 1958) The function of such education is Subjectification: the ways in which students can be(come) subjects in their own right and not just remain objects of the desires and directions of others. (Biesta 2010).
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This study shows how learner initiatives are taken during classroom discussions where the teacher seeks to make room for subjectification. Using Conversation Analysis, subjectification can be observed when students take the freedom to express themselves as subjects through learner initiatives. Drawing on data from classroom discussions in language and literature lessons in the mother tongue, the authors find that learner initiatives can be observed in three different ways: agreement, request for information, counter-response. A learner initiative in the form of an agreement appears to function mostly as a continuer and prompts the previous speaker to reclaim the turn, while the I-R-F structure remains visible. In contrast, making a request for information or giving a counter-response ensures mostly a breakthrough of the I-R-F-structure and leads to a dialogical participation framework in which multiple students participate. Findings illustrate that by making a request for information or giving a counter-response, students not only act as an independent individual, but also encourage his peers to do so.
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Maker spaces are generally regarded as a valuable innovation in comparison to traditional education, although it is largely unclear what is exactly learned. This deficiency hampers the deployment of maker spaces, particularly their embedding and integration in the existing practice in formal education. In the work presented here, we explore the possibility of having learners self-report on their learning experience. For this purpose, we developed an easy-to-use visual tool for assessing learning of 21st Century Skills in children’s maker space activities, the Self-Evaluation Tool (SET). Particularly, we investigated the validation of the SET for the self-evaluation of learning activities in the maker space and how children evaluate their own performance in the various domains. The results show higher scores on learning goals in subjectification and lower scores for socialization. Future research will focus on a comparison of the different types of maker programs.
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This six-year study, consisting of four sub-investigations (one conceptual, three empirical), describes how subjectifying education with positioning of the body and embodiment of students in the educational practice requires teacher artistry, and forms by which teachers can stimulate learners' desire to become an embodied person in the world. The purpose of this research is to reconsider subjectification as the main target domain of education from the perspective of embodied cognition. The main research question is: How can Dutch teachers develop their artistry to create an inclusive educational practice that encourages their learners (in Dutch (v)mbo and higher education) to become embodied persons situated in the world? Since schools and classrooms are mini societies, there are many opportunities in these settings for learners' encounters with the world and their micro sociocultural worlds. Qualities like feeling what is happening inside oneself, expression of emotions, reflection and reflexivity, being able to be where the other is, having meaningful relationships with teachers and other learners, and engaging with the world are important for learners' wellbeing (De Haan, 2021; Zembylas, 2007; Zheng, 2022). The sort of curriculum that would pedagogically foster the development of these qualities in education is more likely to have the learner's body (or better, their embodied mind, Varela et al., 1992) at a central position in teaching and learning, thus enhancing opportunities for emotional and bodily expression (Zembylas, 2007). An overarching conclusion follows to answer the main research question. Teaching is not implementing a method or proven intervention 'that works' in the classroom, nor is it following a recipe (Biesta, in publication). It is both craft (technē) and art (including practical knowledge, phronesis) (Eisner, 2002). Through constant attention to embodied perception in the curriculum and evoking aesthetic experiences (Stenhouse, 1988), through 'making', working with 'experientiality' (Caracciolo, 2019) and 'doing the arts', giving shape to the environment (Alibali & Nathan, 2018), vitality, emotions, uncertainties and unpredictable activities and outcomes (Eisner, 1985), teachers develop their artistry. It is important for teachers to come together, add knowledge to each other and make education together. They have a responsibility to create inclusive spaces in the classroom for plurality and possible transformation. There are at least three current barriers in Dutch education that make it difficult for teachers to create inclusive spaces in the classroom: the Dutch 'measurement culture', the gap between academic "for the head" and vocational "for the hand" education, and Cartesian dualism as the paradigm underlying education. These three barriers do not disappear when teachers 'make' and 'do arts' with their learners' Artistic principles, however, in addition to recognizing the embodiment of learners, spark the joy of improvisation and experimentation and inspire teachers to further develop their teacher artistry. Schools then become spaces where teachers approach their learners as embodied persons who are in the world, rather than as individuals with separate brains, and bodies that are not being addressed. This is an important step toward embodied subjectification in education.
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Mijn stelling is dat normatieve professionalisering, in ons geval de professionalisering van leraren, een vorm is van levensbeschouwelijke vorming. Dat geldt zowel voor de professionalisering in de initiële opleidingen als voor de voortgaande ontwikkeling als professional in het onderwijs. Ik ga daarbij uit van een brede opvatting van levensbeschouwelijke vorming, waarbij het bij levensbeschouwing in een variant op de definitie van Brümmer, gaat om: ‘het totale complex van normen, idealen en eschatologische verwachtingen in het licht waarvan iemand zijn levenshouding richt en beoordeelt; een complex dat in zekere mate innerlijke consistentie vertoont en dat in zekere mate wordt geïntegreerd door eengrondovertuiging die eraan ten grondslag ligt’ (variant op Brümmer, 1975, 131-132) Bij een levensbeschouwing hoeft het in deze opvatting niet per se en primair te gaan om een gearticuleerde levensvisie, geworteld in een seculiere of religieuze traditie. Dat kan wel, maar hoeft niet en moet al helemaal niet als vanzelfsprekend worden voorondersteld. In het verlengde daarvan gaat het bij vorming dan ook om meer dan socialisatie en enculturatie. Het is de relatie tussen de begrippen Levensbeschouwelijke vorming, en hun relatie tot normatieve professionalisering, waar het in deze rede over gaat. Het verbinden van Levensbeschouwelijke vorming en Normatieve professionalisering, waarbij de laatste een concretisering van de eerste is, ervaar ik als een spannende onderneming en voor het opleiden van leraren staat er daarmee ook veel op het spel. Ik wil in deze openbare les deze verbinding graag nader verkennen.
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Article on the basis of the keynote given at the 28th EAS conference, March 2021.
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Invited keynote presented at International Conference for Research in Music Education, Bath, UK, 24/4/2017
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Learning activities in a makerspace are hands-on and characterized by design and inquiry. Evaluation is needed both for learners and their coaches in order to effectively guide the learning process of the children and for feedback on the effectiveness of the after-school maker activities. Due to its constructionist nature, learning in a makerspace requires specific forms of evaluation. In this paper we describe the development of an instrument that facilitates and captures reflection on the activities that children undertook in a library makerspace. Our aim is to capture learning in this context with multiple instruments: analysis of the artifacts that are made, observation of hands-on activities and interviews - which all are time consuming methods. Hence, we developed an easy to use tool for self-evaluation of maker learner activities for children. We build on the design of a visual instrument used for learning by design and inquiry in primary education. The findings and results are transferable to (formative) assessment and evaluation of learning activities by learners in other types of education and specific in maker education.
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This paper analyses the impact of two structural context factors on mathematics teacher students. First, the Netherlands is coping with a massive mathematics teacher shortage. Second, the Dutch knowledge-economy feeds the private tutoring sector. The impact on young teacher-students is tremendous; they start working as a teacher too early. Besides successful studying, broader professionalization and quality of mathematics education are in jeopardy. A quick-fix for mathematics education might do more damage than foreseen.
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