Autonomous learning behavior is an important skill for students, but they often do not master it sufficiently. We investigated the potential of nudging as a teaching strategy in tertiary education to support three important autonomous learning behaviors: planning, preparing for class, and asking questions. Nudging is a strategy originating from behavioral economics used to influence behavior by changing the environment, and consists of altering the choice environment to steer human behavior. In this study, three nudges were designed by researchers in co-creation with teachers. A video booth to support planning behavior (n = 95), a checklist to support class preparation (n = 148), and a goal-setting nudge to encourage students to ask questions during class (n = 162) were tested in three field experiments in teachers’ classrooms with students in tertiary education in the Netherlands. A mixed-effects model approach revealed a positive effect of the goal-setting nudge on students’ grades and a marginal positive effect on the number of questions asked by students. Additionally, evidence for increased self-reported planning behavior was found in the video booth group—but no increase in deadlines met. No significant effects were found for the checklist. We conclude that, for some autonomous learning behaviors, primarily asking questions, nudging has potential as an easy, effective teaching strategy.
MULTIFILE
Much research has been done into the relationship between students’ motivation to learn and their basic psychological needs as defined by the self-determination theory (autonomy, competence, relatedness). However, few studies have explored how these psychological needs relate to different types of maladaptive behavior in the classroom. To prevent or remedy such behavior, more insight into its relationships is required. The present study attempted to determine the relationship between maladaptive behavior of secondary school students (grades 8 and 9) and the degree to which both teachers and peers address their needs for competence, autonomy, and relatedness. Results show significant, negative correlations between maladaptive student behavior in the classroom and the extent to which students’ basic psychological needs are met by teachers and fellow students. Both teachers and fellow students play a role in students’ maladaptive behavior toward school and withdrawn behavior. When it comes to unfriendly behavior, the perceived support of teachers appears to be particularly relevant, while the role of peers is an important factor in delinquent behavior.
Situated learning plays a key role in internships and other practice-based learning settings in teacher education. The dominant assumption for a long time has been that the development of teaching competency is advanced most through practical teaching experience and post-lesson conferences between mentor and student teachers. It is through the reflection of teaching and classroom processes that student teachers are believed to develop their professional knowledge. The assistance of such reflection draws on mentor teachers’ teaching expertise. Mentor teachers, however, rarely explicate practical and theory-based knowledge underlying their practice and student teachers are not inclined to search for their mentor teacher’s underlying knowledge. As a consequence, the knowledge underlying effective teaching often remains implicit. The symposium brings together three novel approaches to assist teacher learning, which aim to make knowledge of teaching explicit. To bridge the gap between mentor and student teachers’ instructional concepts, the method of videobased tagging as a pre-requisite to initiate and structure professional dialogue is suggested and researched by van den Bogert, Crasborn, Bruggen and Eindhoven in The Netherlands. The second study by Staub, Waldis, Schatzmann and Futter investigates effects of an intervention with mentor teachers in Switzerland, suggesting the enactment of pre-lesson conferences and/or the use of a core concepts for lesson planning and reflection. A third study involving Germany and Switzerland by Kreis, Schnebel, Wyss, Wagner and Deiringer researches student teachers’ knowledge, beliefs and experiences related to collaborative lesson planning with peers. The shared assumption is that all three approaches enhance explicit communication on teaching and encourage professional dialogues that contribute to teacher learning in significant ways. Eliciting mentor and pre-service teachers’ practical knowledge using teacher-tagged classroom situations Bogert van den, Crasborn, Bruggen van & Jochems) Objectives The present study has a twofold objective. First, elicitation of mentor and pre-service teachers’ conceptualizations of videotaped classroom situations to clarify similarities and differences between practical knowledge of experienced and novice teachers. Second, exploration of ‘collaborative tagging’ as a new method to access mentors and pre-service teachers’ practical knowledge. Theoretical framework Teachers’ practical knowledge underlies overt teaching behavior, and is personal, unique, often tacit, and intertwined with teaching actions (Meijer, Verloop, & Beijaard, 2002). The ability to notice and interpret what is happening in a classroom is a basic aspect of teachers’ practical knowledge (Goodwin, 1994). Experienced teachers are more proficient in this essential perceptional process than novice teachers (Berliner, 2001; Sabers, Cushing, & Berliner, 1991). Consequently, proficient teachers may facilitate the professional development of novices. However, mentor teachers rarely explicate practical knowledge underlying their teaching practice (Edwards & Protheroe, 2004), and most pre-service teachers are not inclined to search for their mentor teacher’s practical knowledge (Penny, Harley, & Jessop, 1996). Hence, in this study we explored ‘collaborative tagging’ (Mika, 2005): a method where many people independently attach keywords called tags to e.g. videos, for categorization and fast future retrieval. Collaborative tagging has gained popularity since 2004 (Hammond, Hannay, Lund, & Scott, 2005), indicating the willingness and ease with which this activity is undertaken. In other studies (Cattuto, Benz, Hotho, & Stumme, 2008; Mika, 2005) network analysis of the co-occurrence of tags revealed the semantic relationships between the tags; a bottom-up taxonomy, or a so called folksonomy (Vander Wal, 2004). In this study, collaborative tagging was applied to explore the structure of teachers’ knowledge and compare conscious aspects of mentor and pre-service teachers’ practical knowledge. The main research questions were: • Which concepts do mentor- and pre-service teachers use to tag videotaped classroom situations? • To what extent do the generated tags and the relations between them differ between mentor- and pre-service teachers? • To what extent is collaborative tagging is helpful in gaining access to conscious aspects of mentors and pre-service teachers’ practical knowledge? Method Participants were 100 mentor-teachers and 100 pre-service teachers. The participants each ‘tagged” five video-fragments of different classroom situations. Data were analyzed with UCINET software as proposed by Mika (2005). Co-occurrences of tags were computed. Familiar measures of social network analysis (e.g. clustering coefficients, and (local) betweenness centrality) were used to describe each folksonomy, and to compare pre-service and mentor teachers’ networks of tags. Results and significance The study established that tagging is a promising new method to elicit teachers’ practical knowledge. The resulting folksonomies clarified similarities and differences between mentors’ and pre-service teachers’ practical knowledge. Results indicate that experienced teachers use more detailed and specific tags than pre-service teachers. This method makes a significant contribution to the methodology of the study of teachers’ practical knowledge. Folksonomies not only elicit individual teachers’ practical knowledge but enable researchers to discern common element’s in teachers’ practical knowledge. Moreover, in teacher education, folksonomies are helpful to initiate and structure professional dialogue between pre-service and mentor teachers.
Onderzoek laat zien dat gedragsproblemen en leesproblemen vaak gelijktijdig voorkomen. Maar waar moet de leerkracht zich op richten; het gedrag of de leesprestaties? Voor de onderwijspraktijk is het relevant om uitsluitsel te krijgen over hoe deze problematiek in elkaar zit.Doel Uit veel onderzoek komt naar voren dat gedragsproblemen en leesproblemen bij veel kinderen min of meer gelijktijdig voorkomen. Leerkrachten zijn in deze situatie geneigd zich eerst te richten op het gedrag aangezien ze daar de meeste last van hebben. De primaire gerichtheid op gedragsproblemen uit zich ook in de grote vraag die er is naar begeleiding van leerkrachten bij het voorkomen en bestrijden van gedragsproblemen en de oververtegenwoordiging van studenten die bij de Master EN bij het Seminarium voor Orthopedagogiek de route Gedrag kiezen. De vraag is of deze gerichtheid terecht is en inderdaad tot de oplossing van de problemen leidt dan wel dat een achterliggend probleem de oorzaak is; namelijk een leesprobleem dat bij de leerling gedragsproblemen veroorzaakt. Het is relevant voor zowel de onderwijspraktijk als de opleidingen om uitsluitsel te krijgen over hoe deze problematiek in elkaar zit. In dit proefschrift wordt beoogd de vraag te beantwoorden of de gerichtheid op gedragsproblemen terecht is. Ook wil hiermee tegemoet worden gekomen aan de behoefte aan onderzoek waarmee de praktijk duidelijkere handvatten aangereikt krijgt om om te gaan met deze problemen en waar te beginnen met het bestrijden en voorkomen van de problemen. De volgende onderzoeksvragen worden beantwoord: 1) Gaan leesproblemen vooraf aan gedragsproblemen, is het andersom of is er sprake van wederzijdse volgtijdelijkheid? 2) Veroorzaken leesproblemen gedragsproblemen, is het andersom of veroorzaken zij elkaar? 3) In welke mate is lezen en gedrag te beïnvloeden door de leerkracht? Resultaten Het gedrag van leerlingen tijdens de leesles (aandacht, verstorend gedrag, emotionele stabiliteit) blijkt niet bij te dragen aan hun leesvaardigheid aan het eind van datzelfde schooljaar (groep 5); het is dus niet zo dat leerlingen die zich beter gedragen aan het begin van het jaar, beter lezen aan het eind van het jaar. Andersom is het wel zo dat leerlingen die aan het begin van het jaar beter lezen, zich aan het eind van het jaar beter gedragen (Brokamp, Houtveen & Van de Grift, 2018b; Brokamp, Houtveen & Van de Grift, submitted). Er wordt momenteel vervolgonderzoek uitgevoerd om te kijken of deze trend hetzelfde is over meerdere leerjaren. Wanneer gekeken wordt naar wat de leerkracht kan doen om zowel het lezen als het gedrag van de leerlingen tijdens de leesles te beïnvloeden, blijkt dat de leerkracht door het geven van een kwalitatief goede leesles ervoor kan zorgen dat de leerlingen beter gaan lezen, maar ook meer gefocust zijn, minder verstorend gedrag vertonen en (in minder mate) meer zelfvertrouwen hebben. Voor de praktijk heeft dit een belangrijke implicatie, namelijk het belang van goed leesonderwijs; het geven van een goede leesles zorgt niet alleen voor verbetering van de leesprestaties maar kan ook in positieve zin bijdragen aan het gedrag van de leerlingen (Brokamp, Houtveen & Van de Grift, 2016; 2018a). Brokamp, S.K., Houtveen, A.A.M., & Van de Grift, W.J.C.M. (submitted). Reading and behavioural and emotional engagement: a bidirectional relationship? Brokamp, S.K., Houtveen, A.A.M., & Van de Grift, W.J.C.M (2016, January). Reading, classroom behaviour and teaching skills. Paper presented at ICSEI 2016 Conference, Glasgow, UK. Brokamp, S.K., Houtveen, A.A.M., & Van de Grift, W.J.C.M (2018a). The relationship among students' reading performance, their classroom behavior, and teacher skills. The Journal of Educational Research. doi: 10.1080/00220671.2017.1411878 Brokamp, S.K., Houtveen, A.A.M., & Van de Grift, W.J.C.M (2018b, Juni). Leesvaardigheid en betrokkenheid tijdens het lezen: een bidirectionele relatie?. Paper gepresenteerd op de ORD 2018 Conferentie, Nijmegen, Nederland. Looptijd 01 december 2012 - 31 december 2020 Aanpak In het onderzoek meten we zowel het gedrag tijdens de leesles als de leesvaardigheid van de leerlingen over meerdere jaren. Ook bekijken we het instructiegedrag en algemeen pedagogisch handelen van de leerkrachten om de vraag te kunnen beantwoorden in welke mate de leerkrachten het lezen en gedrag van de leerlingen kunnen beïnvloeden.
CRISPR/Cas genome engineering unleashed a scientific revolution, but entails socio-ethical dilemmas as genetic changes might affect evolution and objections exist against genetically modified organisms. CRISPR-mediated epigenetic editing offers an alternative to reprogram gene functioning long-term, without changing the genetic sequence. Although preclinical studies indicate effective gene expression modulation, long-term effects are unpredictable. This limited understanding of epigenetics and transcription dynamics hampers straightforward applications and prevents full exploitation of epigenetic editing in biotechnological and health/medical applications.Epi-Guide-Edit will analyse existing and newly-generated screening data to predict long-term responsiveness to epigenetic editing (cancer cells, plant protoplasts). Robust rules to achieve long-term epigenetic reprogramming will be distilled based on i) responsiveness to various epigenetic effector domains targeting selected genes, ii) (epi)genetic/chromatin composition before/after editing, and iii) transcription dynamics. Sustained reprogramming will be examined in complex systems (2/3D fibroblast/immune/cancer co-cultures; tomato plants), providing insights for improving tumor/immune responses, skin care or crop breeding. The iterative optimisations of Epi-Guide-Edit rules to non-genetically reprogram eventually any gene of interest will enable exploitation of gene regulation in diverse biological models addressing major societal challenges.The optimally balanced consortium of (applied) universities, ethical and industrial experts facilitates timely socioeconomic impact. Specifically, the developed knowledge/tools will be shared with a wide-spectrum of students/teachers ensuring training of next-generation professionals. Epi-Guide-Edit will thus result in widely applicable effective epigenetic editing tools, whilst training next-generation scientists, and guiding public acceptance.
A world where technology is ubiquitous and embedded in our daily lives is becoming increasingly likely. To prepare our students to live and work in such a future, we propose to turn Saxion’s Epy-Drost building into a living lab environment. This will entail setting up and drafting the proper infrastructure and agreements to collect people’s location and building data (e.g. temperature, humidity) in Epy-Drost, and making the data appropriately available to student and research projects within Saxion. With regards to this project’s effect on education, we envision the proposal of several derived student projects which will provide students the opportunity to work with huge amounts of data and state-of-the-art natural interaction interfaces. Through these projects, students will acquire skills and knowledge that are necessary in the current and future labor-market, as well as get experience in working with topics of great importance now and in the near future. This is not only aligned with the Creative Media and Game Technologies (CMGT) study program’s new vision and focus on interactive technology, but also with many other education programs within Saxion. In terms of research, the candidate Postdoc will study if and how the data, together with the building’s infrastructure, can be leveraged to promote healthy behavior through playful strategies. In other words, whether we can persuade people in the building to be more physically active and engage more in social interactions through data-based gamification and building actuation. This fits very well with the Ambient Intelligence (AmI) research group’s agenda in Augmented Interaction, and CMGT’s User Experience line. Overall, this project will help spark and solidify lasting collaboration links between AmI and CMGT, give body to AmI’s new Augmented Interaction line, and increase Saxion’s level of education through the dissemination of knowledge between researchers, teachers and students.
