Artificial intelligence (AI) is a technology which is increasingly being utilised in society and the economy worldwide, but there is much disquiet over problematic and dangerous implementations of AI, or indeed even AI itself deciding to do dangerous and problematic actions. These developments have led to concerns about whether and how AI systems currently adhere to and will adhere to ethical standards, stimulating a global and multistakeholder conversation on AI ethics and the production of AI governance initiatives. Such developments form the basis for this chapter, where we give an insight into what is happening in Australia, China, the European Union, India and the United States. We commence with some background to the AI ethics and regulation debates, before proceedings to give an overview of what is happening in different countries and regions, namely Australia, China, the European Union (including national level activities in Germany), India and the United States. We provide an analysis of these country profiles, with particular emphasis on the relationship between ethics and law in each location. Overall we find that AI governance and ethics initiatives are most developed in China and the European Union, but the United States has been catching up in the last eighteen months.
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Proper decision-making is one of the most important capabilities of an organization. Therefore, it is important to have a clear understanding and overview of the decisions an organization makes. A means to understanding and modeling decisions is the Decision Model and Notation (DMN) standard published by the Object Management Group in 2015. In this standard, it is possible to design and specify how a decision should be taken. However, DMN lacks elements to specify the actors that fulfil different roles in the decision-making process as well as not taking into account the autonomy of machines. In this paper, we re-address and-present our earlier work [1] that focuses on the construction of a framework that takes into account different roles in the decision-making process, and also includes the extent of the autonomy when machines are involved in the decision-making processes. Yet, we extended our previous research with more detailed discussion of the related literature, running cases, and results, which provides a grounded basis from which further research on the governance of (semi) automated decision-making can be conducted. The contributions of this paper are twofold; 1) a framework that combines both autonomy and separation of concerns aspects for decision-making in practice while 2) the proposed theory forms a grounded argument to enrich the current DMN standard.
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Understanding the decision-making process of a boardroom is one of the most fascinating parts of organizational research. We are all interested in power games, team dynamics and how the external environment could influence the decision of directors. One of the important buzzwords of today is “good governance” and many boards face a lot of societal pressure to implement best practices of governance. It goes beyond regulatory requirements and boards need to take a different perspective on integrating governance codes and best practices in their organizations. In this study, we focused on the role of individual directors in developing organizational responses to that pressure. More specifically, we looked at how directors’ own cognitive frames of governance influence the way boards choose best practices.
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Due to societal developments, like the introduction of the ‘civil society’, policy stimulating longer living at home and the separation of housing and care, the housing situation of older citizens is a relevant and pressing issue for housing-, governance- and care organizations. The current situation of living with care already benefits from technological advancement. The wide application of technology especially in care homes brings the emergence of a new source of information that becomes invaluable in order to understand how the smart urban environment affects the health of older people. The goal of this proposal is to develop an approach for designing smart neighborhoods, in order to assist and engage older adults living there. This approach will be applied to a neighborhood in Aalst-Waalre which will be developed into a living lab. The research will involve: (1) Insight into social-spatial factors underlying a smart neighborhood; (2) Identifying governance and organizational context; (3) Identifying needs and preferences of the (future) inhabitant; (4) Matching needs & preferences to potential socio-techno-spatial solutions. A mixed methods approach fusing quantitative and qualitative methods towards understanding the impacts of smart environment will be investigated. After 12 months, employing several concepts of urban computing, such as pattern recognition and predictive modelling , using the focus groups from the different organizations as well as primary end-users, and exploring how physiological data can be embedded in data-driven strategies for the enhancement of active ageing in this neighborhood will result in design solutions and strategies for a more care-friendly neighborhood.
Due to the existing pressure for a more rational use of the water, many public managers and industries have to re-think/adapt their processes towards a more circular approach. Such pressure is even more critical in the Rio Doce region, Minas Gerais, due to the large environmental accident occurred in 2015. Cenibra (pulp mill) is an example of such industries due to the fact that it is situated in the river basin and that it has a water demanding process. The current proposal is meant as an academic and engineering study to propose possible solutions to decrease the total water consumption of the mill and, thus, decrease the total stress on the Rio Doce basin. The work will be divided in three working packages, namely: (i) evaluation (modelling) of the mill process and water balance (ii) application and operation of a pilot scale wastewater treatment plant (iii) analysis of the impacts caused by the improvement of the process. The second work package will also be conducted (in parallel) with a lab scale setup in The Netherlands to allow fast adjustments and broaden evaluation of the setup/process performance. The actions will focus on reducing the mill total water consumption in 20%.
Nederland wil in 2050 circulair zijn. Dat vraagt een ongekende transitie in de wijze waarop onze samenleving onderneemt, samenwerkt, denkt en doet. Stedelijke regio’s zijn de geijkte plek om een transitie naar een circulaire economie in gang te zetten door hun dichte concentratie van kennis, kapitaal, data en resources op een relatief klein oppervlak. De baten die deze transitie oplevert zullen vooral in deze regio’s merkbaar zijn: minder verspilling, luchtvervuiling en CO2-uitstoot, meer economische waarde en sociale impact. CIRCOLLAB richt zich op het versterken van interdisciplinair praktijkgericht onderzoek voor de circulaire transitie in de metropoolregio Amsterdam (MRA). De SPRONG-groep bestaat uit lectoraten van de Centres of Expertise Urban Technology en Urban Governance & Social Innovation en de Faculteit Digitale Media en Creatieve Industrie van de Hogeschool van Amsterdam, Kenniscentrum Maatschappelijke Innovatie Flevoland van Hogeschool Windesheim en de Academie van Bouwkunst van de Amsterdamse Hogeschool voor de Kunsten. De SPRONG-groep combineert expertise vanuit het technologische, creatieve, economische en sociale domein en verricht praktijkgericht onderzoek naar ‘circulair denken en doen’, ‘circulair ondernemen’, ‘circulair menselijk kapitaal’ en ‘circulair samenwerken’ in relatie tot technische innovaties in twee waardeketens: de gebouwde omgeving en consumptiegoederen. De SPRONG-groep ontwikkelt, samen met actoren in de quadruple helix, een regionale infrastructuur voor inventariseren en prioriteren van onderzoeksbehoeften en het programmeren, opbouwen en uitwisselen van kennis. Hierbij worden kennis en ervaringen uit circulaire initiatieven, experimenten, onderzoek en onderwijs aan elkaar en aan fysieke experimenteerruimtes verbonden, om gezamenlijk van te leren, kennis te delen en op te schalen. Zo ontstaat een krachtige interdisciplinaire SPRONGgroep met de ambitie om het consortium uit te laten groeien tot dé regionale spil op het gebied van de circulaire transitie in grootstedelijke regio’s en een erkende (inter)nationale speler voor kennisuitwisseling en -opbouw op dit onderwerp.
