The aeronautical industry is expanding after a period of economic turmoil. For this reason, a growing number of airports are facing capacity problems that can sometimes only be resolved by expanding infrastructure, with the inherent risks that such decisions create. In order to deal with uncertainty at different levels, it is necessary to have relevant tools during an expansion project or during the planning phases of new infrastructure. This article presents a methodology that combines simulation approaches with different description levels that complement each other when applied to the development of a new airport. The methodology is illustrated with an example that uses two models for an expansion project of an airport in The Netherlands. One model focuses on the operation of the airport from a high-level position, while the second focuses on other technical aspects of the operation that challenge the feasibility of the proposed configuration of the apron. The results show that by applying the methodology, analytical power is enhanced and the risk of making the wrong decisions is reduced. We identified the limitations that the future facility will have and the impact of the physical characteristics of the traffic that will operate in the airport. The methodology can be used for tackling different problems and studying particular performance indicators to help decision-makers take more informed decisions.
Worldwide, plastic cups are used for serving drinks. Some typical examples of large-scale consumption are large concerts and festivals. As a part of the BIOCAS project, which focusses on the valorization of biomass through various routes, a PHA biobased festival cup was developed and created to reduce the impact of current fossil plastics. The role of VHL was to assess the environmental impact. The aim of the report is to inform the BIOCAS-partners about the use of plastic cups, and address the environmental impact in comparison with other types of biobased plastic cups and fossil-based cups. This report can serve as a basis for making choices within all different types of (plastic/biobased) cups. Besides, it can be used as a public communication tool about the environmental impact of different types of (plastic/biobased) cup applications.
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In Nederland en omringende landen zijn in de afgelopen jaren en decennia verschillende projecten gerealiseerd rond decentrale innovatieve concepten voor afvalwaterbehandeling en gebruik van re-genwater. Om gemeenten, waterschappen en andere belanghebbenden een rationele grondslag te bieden voor keuzes m.b.t. de inrichting van de stedelijke waterketen (wel of niet decentraal, wel of niet brongescheiden), is in dit KIEM project de potentie en beperkingen onderzocht van nieuwe en circulaire sanitatieconcepten, zoals brongescheiden sanitatie en lokaal (her)gebruik van regenwater op woonwijk schaal. De vraag is wat we kunnen leren van ervaringen bij gerealiseerde projecten, en welke rationele basis er is om, met name bij nieuwbouwplannen, een trendbreuk teweeg te brengen in de richting decentrale oplossingen voor waterzuivering en waterhergebruik op wijkniveau, als al-ternatief voor de huidige, centrale systemen. Daartoe zijn negen verschillende gerealiseerde pro-jecten, operationeel op praktijkschaal, verkend aan de hand van literatuurstudie, data-analyse, inter-views, enquêtes en scenarioberekeningen. Verschillende prestatie-indicatoren, o.a. met betrekking tot terugwinning van grondstoffen, waterkwaliteit, hergebruik en kosten zijn inzichtelijk gemaakt. Bo-vendien is onderzoek gedaan naar de acceptatie van burgers m.b.t. governance structuren (top-down versus bottom-up) als het gaat om de stedelijke waterketen en diensten m.b.t. waterlevering en wa-terbehandeling.Uit dit verkennende onderzoek is gebleken dat alternatieve systemen (brongescheiden sanitatie met vacuümriolering en lokaal gebruik van regenwater) voor toiletspoeling, evt. tuin en wasmachine tot substantieel minder gebruik van drinkwater leiden. Bovendien wordt met separate inzameling en be-handeling van zwart- en grijswater de terugwinning van nutriënten (N, P, C) gestimuleerd en is er bij decentrale behandeling van grijswater jaarrond aanvoer van schoon water wat met name in droge periodes meerwaarde heeft. Daarentegen leiden systemen op wijkschaal, mede vanwege de relatief kleine schaal, tot relatief hoge financiële kosten, d.w.z. in vergelijking met de kosten voor aanleg en beheer van reguliere systemen. Daarbij wordt benadrukt dat vergelijking van kleine, decentrale sys-temen met de huidige, grootschalige centrale (afval)watersystemen lastig is vanwege de relatief ge-ringe hoeveelheid data die beschikbaar is m.b.t. prestatie-indicatoren van decentrale systemen. We kunnen daarom slechts voorlopige en minder harde uitspraken doen over een aantal prestaties van decentrale concepten, bijv. m.b.t. waterkwaliteit. Bovendien is de beoordeling van prestatie-indicato-ren problematisch vanwege ongelijksoortigheid. De huidige grootschalige systemen zijn goeddeels uit-ontwikkeld (innovatie was gericht op kostenefficiency), terwijl decentrale, nieuwe vormen van sani-tatie nog volop in ontwikkeling zijn, met duurzaamheid als drijfveer.Aandachtspunten en vragen liggen met name op het gebied van governance. In de huidige inrichting en organisatie van de waterketen zijn de verantwoordelijkheden, beleidsontwikkeling en operatie in-stitutioneel geborgd en sectoraal verdeeld (waterbedrijf, gemeente en waterschap). Nieuwe vormen van sanitatie en gebruik van regenwater op wijkschaal brengen de noodzaak tot vergaande samen-werking en nieuwe vraagstukken met zich mee.Om de prestaties van grootschalige, centrale systemen m.b.t. afvalwaterbehandeling en watervoor-ziening beter te kunnen vergelijken met decentrale systemen op wijkschaal wordt aanbevolen om gelijktijdig te innoveren op beide schalen, waarbij de innovatie (ook op grote, centrale schaal) gericht is op klimaatadaptatie en aansluiting bij de circulaire economie. Belangrijk daarbij is langjarige data-verzameling en monitoring, zodat de integrale prestaties van concepten en systemen kunnen worden gevolgd, beoordeeld en verbeterd, in de context van integrale duurzaamheid. Daarnaast wordt aan-bevolen om, indien mogelijk, decentrale (afvalwater)systemen op wijkniveau op te schalen naar een grootte van minimaal 3.000 inwoners, om het (op berekeningen gebaseerde) veronderstelde break-evenpoint (kosten decentraal vergelijkbaar met grootschalige, centrale systemen) in de praktijk te ve-rifiëren. Gerealiseerde projecten, bijv. Reitdiep in Groningen of Waterschoon in Sneek, kunnen wor-den benut voor verdere innovatie gericht op kringloopsluiting en circulaire economie.
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The denim industry faces many complex sustainability challenges and has been especially criticized for its polluting and hazardous production practices. Reducing resource use of water, chemicals and energy and changing denim production practices calls for collaboration between various stakeholders, including competing denim brands. There is great benefit in combining denim brands’ resources and knowledge so that commonly defined standards and benchmarks are developed and realized on a scale that matters. Collaboration however, and especially between competitors, is highly complex and prone to fail. This project brings leading denim brands together to collectively take initial steps towards improving the ecological sustainability impact of denim production, particularly by establishing measurements, benchmarks and standards for resource use (e.g. chemicals, water, energy) and creating best practices for effective collaboration. The central research question of our project is: How do denim brands effectively collaborate together to create common, industry standards on resource use and benchmarks for improved ecological sustainability in denim production? To answer this question, we will use a mixed-method, action research approach. The project’s research setting is the Amsterdam Metropolitan Area (MRA), which has a strong denim cluster and is home to many international denim brands and start-ups.
The seaweed aquaculture sector, aimed at cultivation of macroalgal biomass to be converted into commercial applications, can be placed within a sustainable and circular economy framework. This bio-based sector has the potential to aid the European Union meet multiple EU Bioeconomy Strategy, EU Green Deal and Blue Growth Strategy objectives. Seaweeds play a crucial ecological role within the marine environment and provide several ecosystem services, from the take up of excess nutrients from surrounding seawater to oxygen production and potentially carbon sequestration. Sea lettuce, Ulva spp., is a green seaweed, growing wild in the Atlantic Ocean and North Sea. Sea lettuce has a high nutritional value and is a promising source for food, animal feed, cosmetics and more. Sea lettuce, when produced in controlled conditions like aquaculture, can supplement our diet with healthy and safe proteins, fibres and vitamins. However, at this moment, Sea lettuce is hardly exploited as resource because of its unfamiliarity but also lack of knowledge about its growth cycle, its interaction with microbiota and eventually, possible applications. Even, it is unknown which Ulva species are available for aquaculture (algaculture) and how these species can contribute to a sustainable aquaculture biomass production. The AQULVA project aims to investigate which Ulva species are available in the North Sea and Wadden Sea which can be utilised in onshore aquaculture production. Modern genomic, microbiomic and metabolomic profiling techniques alongside ecophysiological production research must reveal suitable Ulva selections with high nutritional value for sustainable onshore biomass production. Selected Ulva spp lines will be used for production of healthy and safe foods, anti-aging cosmetics and added value animal feed supplements for dairy farming. This applied research is in cooperation with a network of SME’s, Research Institutes and Universities of Applied Science and is liaised with EU initiatives like the EU-COST action “SeaWheat”.
The textile and clothing sector belongs to the world’s biggest economic activities. Producing textiles is highly energy-, water- and chemical-intensive and consequently the textile industry has a strong impact on environment and is regarded as the second greatest polluter of clean water. The European textile industry has taken significant steps taken in developing sustainable manufacturing processes and materials for example in water treatment and the development of biobased and recycled fibres. However, the large amount of harmful and toxic chemicals necessary, especially the synthetic colourants, i.e. the pigments and dyes used to colour the textile fibres and fabrics remains a serious concern. The limited range of alternative natural colourants that is available often fail the desired intensity and light stability and also are not provided at the affordable cost . The industrial partners and the branch organisations Modint and Contactgroep Textiel are actively searching for sustainable alternatives and have approached Avans to assist in the development of the colourants which led to the project Beauti-Fully Biobased Fibres project proposal. The objective of the Beauti-Fully Biobased Fibres project is to develop sustainable, renewable colourants with improved light fastness and colour intensity for colouration of (biobased) man-made textile fibres Avans University of Applied Science, Zuyd University of Applied Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Maastricht University and representatives from the textile industry will actively collaborate in the project. Specific approaches have been identified which build on knowledge developed by the knowledge partners in earlier projects. These will now be used for designing sustainable, renewable colourants with the improved quality aspects of light fastness and intensity as required in the textile industry. The selected approaches include refining natural extracts, encapsulation and novel chemical modification of nano-particle surfaces with chromophores.
