from the article: The demand for a wireless CO2 solution is ever increasing. One of the biggest problems with the majority of commercial available CO2 sensors is the high energy consumption which makes them unsuitable for battery operation. Possible candidates for CO2 sensing in a low power wireless application are very limited and show a problematic calibration process. This study focuses on one of those EMF candidates, which is a Ag4RbI5 based sensor. This EMF sensor is based on the potentiometric principle and consumes no energy. The EMF cell was studied in a chamber where humidity, temperature and CO2 level could be controlled. This study gives an detailed insight in the different drift properties of the potentiometric CO2 sensor and a method to amplify the sensors signal. Furthermore, a method to minimize the several types of drift is given. With this method the temperature drift can be decreased by a factor 10, making the sensor a possible candidate for a wireless CO2 sensor network.
DOCUMENT
In this paper, we experimentally compare orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) and on-off keying (OOK) modulation in the context of the IEEE 802.15.13-2023 standard at bandwidths up to 50 MHz across a Li-Fi link with distances up to 5 m and a lateral offset up to 51°. Error vector magnitude (EVM) and bit error rate (BER) evaluations confirm that the high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) of OFDM limits the achievable transmission distance, but it offers higher data rates due to its higher spectral efficiency. Due to the lower PAPR, OOK-based Pulsed Modulation PHY (PM-PHY) shows a significantly higher link range. As the structure of the PM-PHY is based on OFDM symbols, the two solutions may also be combined to open a wider range of use cases for optical wireless communications.
LINK
Na twee jaar met veel studenten te hebben gewerkt aan het project Wireless Sensortechnologie bij Calamiteiten geeft dit boek een overzicht van de activiteiten die zijn uitgevoerd. In 14 deelprojecten verspreid over vier werkpakketten hebben vooral studenten onder leiding van docenten en medewerkers van het Saxion-lectoraat Ambient Intelligence in het Kenniscentrum Design en Technologie van Saxion zich verdiept in een breed scala van onderwerpen. Na een eerste verkenning door middel van literatuurstudie en verkenning van de markt is er gewerkt aan praktische oplossingen van problemen. In de meeste gevallen zijn de oplossingen vormgegeven in echte systemen met de nodige hard-en software. Bij de testen en de experimenten werd duidelijk in hoeverre de oplossing ook echt voldeed als antwoord op de onderzoeksvraag die aan het begin gesteld werd. Alle deelprojecten zijn beschreven en aan het eind van het boek worden de belangrijkste conclusies op een rij gezet.
MULTIFILE
In the GoGreen project an intelligent home that is able to identify inhabitants and events that take place is created. The location of sounds that are being produced is an important feature for the context awareness of this system. A a wireless solution that uses low-cost sensor nodes and microphones is described. Experiments show that solutions that only use the three sensor nodes that are closest to the origin of the sounds provide the best solutions, with an average accuracy of 40 cm or less.Paper published for the ICT Open 2013 proceedings (27-28 November 2013, Eindhoven).
MULTIFILE
As Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communication technologies gain prominence, ensuring human safety from radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic fields (EMF) becomes paramount. This study critically examines human RF exposure in the context of ITS-5.9 GHz V2X connectivity, employing a combination of numerical dosimetry simulations and targeted experimental measurements. The focus extends across Road-Side Units (RSUs), On-Board Units (OBUs), and, notably, the advanced vehicular technologies within a Tesla Model S, which includes Bluetooth, Long Term Evolution (LTE) modules, and millimeter-wave (mmWave) radar systems. Key findings indicate that RF exposure levels for RSUs and OBUs, as well as from Tesla’s integrated technologies, consistently remain below the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) exposure guidelines by a significant margin. Specifically, the maximum exposure level around RSUs was observed to be 10 times lower than ICNIRP reference level, and Tesla’s mmWave radar exposure did not exceed 0.29 W/m2, well below the threshold of 10 W/m2 set for the general public. This comprehensive analysis not only corroborates the effectiveness of numerical dosimetry in accurately predicting RF exposure but also underscores the compliance of current V2X communication technologies with exposure guidelines, thereby facilitating the protective advancement of intelligent transportation systems against potential health risks.
MULTIFILE
In this presented study, we measured in situ the uplink duty cycles of a smartphone for 5G NR and 4G LTE for a total of six use cases covering voice, video, and data applications. The duty cycles were assessed at ten positions near a 4G and 5G base-station site in Belgium. For Twitch, VoLTE, and WhatsApp, the duty cycles ranged between 4% and 22% in time, both for 4G and 5G. For 5G NR, these duty cycles resulted in a higher UL-allotted time due to time division duplexing at the 3.7 GHz frequency band. Ping showed median duty cycles of 2% for 5G NR and 50% for 4G LTE. FTP upload and iPerf resulted in duty cycles close to 100%.
MULTIFILE
Energy conservation is crucial in wireless ad hoc sensor network design to increase network lifetime. Since communication consumes a major part of the energy used by a sensor node, efficient communication is important. Topology control aims at achieving more efficient communication by dropping links and reducing interference among simultaneous transmissions by adjusting the nodes’ transmission power. Since dropping links make a network more susceptible to node failure, a fundamental problem in wireless sensor networks is to find a communication graph with minimum interference and minimum power assignment aiming at an induced topology that can satisfy fault-tolerant properties. In this paper, we examine and propose linear integer programming formulations and a hybrid meta-heuristic GRASP/VNS (Greedy Randomized Adaptive Search Procedure/Variable Neighborhood Search) to determine the transmission power of each node while maintaining a fault-tolerant network and simultaneously minimize the interference and the total power consumption. Optimal biconnected topologies for moderately sized networks with minimum interference and minimum power are obtained using a commercial solver. We report computational simulations comparing the integer programming formulations and the GRASP/VNS, and evaluate the effectiveness of three meta-heuristics in terms of the tradeoffs between computation time and solution quality. We show that the proposed meta-heuristics are able to find good solutions for sensor networks with up to 400 nodes and that the GRASP/VNS was able to systematically find the best lower bounds and optimal solutions.
DOCUMENT
Het project Wireless Sensor Technologie bij Calamiteiten is een samenwerkingsverband tussen Saxion, Thales Nederland (de dochterondernemingen D-CIS Lab en Iseti), Ambient Systems, Ti-WMC, het beveiligingsbedrijf Vigilat, het Regionaal Centrum Criminaliteitspreventie en Veiligheidsregio’s Twente, Noord en Oost Gelderland, Gelderland Midden en Zuid. Dit project wordt ondersteund door de Stichting Innovatie Alliantie (SIA) vanuit het RAAK MKB fonds. Binnen het werkpakket Proximity wordt onderzoek gedaan naar de stand van zaken van indoorlokalisatie. De motivatie voor dit deelproject komt voort uit het streven het risico voor de hulpverlener in actie te verminderen. Elke dag wagen brandweermannen hun leven bij het blussen van branden en het redden van mensen uit brandende gebouwen. Hierbij wil het wel eens gebeuren dat een brandweerman in problemen komt door de gevaarlijke en onoverzichtelijke situatie, de weg kwijtraakt of het contact verliest met zijn collega’s. Op zulke momenten is het moeilijk voor deze brandweerman om zijn collega’s te vinden en andersom is het moeilijk voor zijn collega’s om hem te vinden. Dit resulteert soms in de dood van een of meer brandweermannen. Daarom zal onderzocht worden welke rol technologie kan spelen om de veiligheid van een brandweermannen te verhogen bij de uitvoering van hun taak en wel voornamelijk door het realtime bepalen van zijn locatie en positie in een brandend gebouw. Allereerst zal het probleem behandeld worden, daarna wordt onderzocht welke technieken en technologie er beschikbaar zijn. Deze zullen gewaardeerd worden op basis van de praktijkcriteria: betrouwbaarheid, snelle operationele inzetbaarheid, nauwkeurigheid en kosten. Aan de hand daarvan wordt een onderzoeksvraag geformuleerd. Op basis van geschiktheid van de oplossingsrichtingen zal in het vervolg een prototype ontworpen en gebouwd worden.
MULTIFILE
Reliability is a constraint of low-power wireless connectivity, commonly addressed by the deployment of mesh topology. Accordingly, power consumption becomes a major concern during the design and implementation of such networks. Thus, a mono-objective optimization was implemented in this work to decrease the total amount of power consumed by a low-power wireless mesh network based on Thread protocol. Using a genetic algorithm, the optimization procedure takes into account a pre-defined connectivity matrix, in which the possible distances between all network devices are considered. The experimental proof-of-concept shows that a mean gain of 26.45 dB is achievable in a specific scenario. Through our experimental results, we conclude that the Thread mesh protocol has much leeway to meet the low-power consumption requirement of wireless sensor networks.
LINK
