Within this study the aim is to measure running workload and relevant running technique key points on varying cadence in recreational runners using a custom build sensor system ‘Nodes’. Seven participants ran on a treadmill at a self-chosen comfortable speed. Cadence was randomly guided by a metronome using 92%, 96%, 100%, 104%, and 108% of the preferred cadence in 2-min trials. Workload was measured by collecting the heart rate and the rating of perceived exertion (RPE 1 to 10) scores. Heart rate data shows that the 100% cadence trial was most economical with a relative heart rate of 99.2%. The 108% cadence trial had the lowest relative RPE score with 96.2%. The sample rate of the Nodes system during this experiment was too low to analyze the key points. Three requirements are proposed for the further engineering of a wearable running system, (i) sampling frequency of minimal 50 Hz, (ii) step-by-step analysis, and (iii) collecting workload in the heart rate and RPE.
DOCUMENT
BACKGROUND: The time that nurses spent on documentation can be substantial and burdensome. To date it was unknown if documentation activities are related to the workload that nurses perceive. A distinction between clinical documentation and organizational documentation seems relevant. This study aims to gain insight into community nurses' views on a potential relationship between their clinical and organizational documentation activities and their perceived nursing workload.METHODS: A convergent mixed-methods design was used. A quantitative survey was completed by 195 Dutch community nurses and a further 28 community nurses participated in qualitative focus groups. For the survey an online questionnaire was used. Descriptive statistics, Wilcoxon signed-ranked tests, Spearman's rank correlations and Wilcoxon rank-sum tests were used to analyse the survey data. Next, four qualitative focus groups were conducted in an iterative process of data collection - data analysis - more data collection, until data saturation was reached. In the qualitative analysis, the six steps of thematic analysis were followed.RESULTS: The majority of the community nurses perceived a high workload due to documentation activities. Although survey data showed that nurses estimated that they spent twice as much time on clinical documentation as on organizational documentation, the workload they perceived from these two types of documentation was comparable. Focus-group participants found organizational documentation particularly redundant. Furthermore, the survey indicated that a perceived high workload was not related to actual time spent on clinical documentation, while actual time spent on organizational documentation was related to the perceived workload. In addition, the survey showed no associations between community nurses' perceived workload and the user-friendliness of electronic health records. Yet focus-group participants did point towards the impact of limited user-friendliness on their perceived workload. Lastly, there was no association between the perceived workload and whether the nursing process was central in the electronic health records.CONCLUSIONS: Community nurses often perceive a high workload due to clinical and organizational documentation activities. Decreasing the time nurses have to spend specifically on organizational documentation and improving the user-friendliness and intercommunicability of electronic health records appear to be important ways of reducing the workload that community nurses perceive.
DOCUMENT
Injuries of runners reduce the ability to train and hinder competing. Literature shows that the relation between potential risk factors and injuries are not definitive, limited, and inconsistent. In team sports, workload derivatives were identified as risk factors. However, there is an absence of literature in running on workload derivatives. This study used the workload derivatives acute workload, chronic workload, and acute: chronic workload ratios to investigate the relation between workload and injury risk in running. Twenty-three competitive runners kept a daily training log for 24 months. The runners reported training duration, training intensity and injuries. One-week (acute) and 4-week (chronic) workloads were calculated as the average of training duration multiplied by training intensity. The acute:chronic workload ratio was determined dividing the acute and chronic workloads. Results show that a fortnightly low increase of the acute:chronic workload ratio (0.10-0.78) led to an increased risk of sustaining an injury (p<0.001). Besides, a low increase of the acute:chronic workload ratio (0.05-0.62) between the second week and third week before an injury showed an association with increased injury risk (p=0.013). These findings demonstrate that the acute:chronic workload ratio relates to injury risk.
DOCUMENT
Digital transformation has been recognized for its potential to contribute to sustainability goals. It requires companies to develop their Data Analytic Capability (DAC), defined as their ability to collect, manage and analyze data effectively. Despite the governmental efforts to promote digitalization, there seems to be a knowledge gap on how to proceed, with 37% of Dutch SMEs reporting a lack of knowledge, and 33% reporting a lack of support in developing DAC. Participants in the interviews that we organized preparing this proposal indicated a need for guidance on how to develop DAC within their organization given their unique context (e.g. age and experience of the workforce, presence of legacy systems, high daily workload, lack of knowledge of digitalization). While a lot of attention has been given to the technological aspects of DAC, the people, process, and organizational culture aspects are as important, requiring a comprehensive approach and thus a bundling of knowledge from different expertise. Therefore, the objective of this KIEM proposal is to identify organizational enablers and inhibitors of DAC through a series of interviews and case studies, and use these to formulate a preliminary roadmap to DAC. From a structure perspective, the objective of the KIEM proposal will be to explore and solidify the partnership between Breda University of Applied Sciences (BUas), Avans University of Applied Sciences (Avans), Logistics Community Brabant (LCB), van Berkel Logistics BV, Smink Group BV, and iValueImprovement BV. This partnership will be used to develop the preliminary roadmap and pre-test it using action methodology. The action research protocol and preliminary roadmap thereby developed in this KIEM project will form the basis for a subsequent RAAK proposal.
In het project “ADVICE: Advanced Driver Vehicle Interface in a Complex Environment” zijn belangrijke onderzoeksresultaten geboekt op het gebied van het schatten van de toestand en werklast van een voertuigbestuurder om hiermee systemen die informatie geven aan de bestuurder adaptief te maken om zo de veiligheid te verhogen. Een voorbeeld is om minder belangrijke informatie van een navigatiesysteem te onderdrukken, zolang de bestuurder een hoge werklast ervaart voor het autorijden en/of belangrijke informatie juist duidelijker weer te geven. Dit leidt tot een real-time werklast schatter die geografische informatie meeneemt, geavaleerd in zowel een rijsimulator als op de weg. In de ontwikkeling naar automatisch rijden is de veranderende rol van de bestuurder een belangrijk (veiligheids) onderwerp, welke sterk gerelateerd is aan de werklast van de bestuurder. Indien rijtaken meer geautomatiseerd worden, wijzigt de rol van actieve bestuurder meer naar supervisie van de rijtaken, maar tevens met de eis om snel en gericht in te grijpen indien de situatie dit vereist. Zowel deze supervisie als interventietaak zijn geen eenvoudige taken met onderling een sterk verschillende werklast (respectievelijk lage en (zeer) hoge werklast). Of een goede combinatie inclusief snelle overgangen tussen deze twee hoofdtaken veilig mogelijk is voor een bestuurder en hoe dit dan het beste ondersteund kan worden, is een belangrijk onderwerp van huidig onderzoek. De ontwikkeling naar autonoom rijden verandert niet alleen de rol van de bestuurder, maar zal ook de eisen aan het rijgedrag van het voertuig beïnvloeden, de voertuigdynamica. Voor de actieve bestuurder kunnen snelle voertuigreacties op bestuurdersinput belangrijk zijn, zeker voor een ‘sportief’ rijdende bestuurder. Indien dit voertuig ook automatische rijtaken moet uitvoeren, kan juist een meer gelijkmatig rijgedrag gewenst zijn, zodat de bestuurder ook andere taken kan uitvoeren. Dit stelt eisen aan vertaling van (automatische) input naar voertuigreactie en aan de voertuigdynamica. Mogelijk wil zelfs een sportieve bestuurder een meer comfortabel voertuiggedrag tijdens automatisch rijden. Eveneens voor deze twee voertuigtoestanden, menselijke of automatische besturing, moet gezocht worden naar een goede combinatie inclusief (veilige) overgangen tussen deze twee toestanden. Hierbij speelt de werklast en toestand van de bestuurder een doorslaggevende rol. In de geschetste ontwikkelingen in automatisch rijden kunnen de onderzoeksresultaten van ADVICE een goede ondersteuning bieden. Veel van deze ontwikkelingen worstelen met het schatten van de werklast van de bestuurder als cruciaal (veiligheids) aspect van automatisch rijden. De ADVICE resultaten zijn echter gepresenteerd voor beperkt publiek en gepubliceerd op conferenties, waarvan de artikelen veelal slechts tegen betaling toegankelijk zijn. Daarnaast zijn dergelijke artikelen gelimiteerd in aantal pagina’s waardoor de over te dragen informatie beperkt is. Om een betere doorwerking van ADVICE aan ‘iedereen’ te realiseren en tevens de mogelijkheden hiervan in de toekomst van automatisch rijden te plaatsen, willen wij top-up gebruiken om hierover een artikel te schrijven en dit in een peer-reviewed Open Access tijdschrift online toegankelijk te maken. Hierdoor wordt de informatie voor iedereen, gratis toegankelijk (open access), is de inhoud uitgebreider aan te geven (tijdschriftartikel) en is de inhoud en kwaliteit goed en relevant voor het vakgebied (peer-reviewed).
In the last decade, the automotive industry has seen significant advancements in technology (Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) and autonomous vehicles) that presents the opportunity to improve traffic safety, efficiency, and comfort. However, the lack of drivers’ knowledge (such as risks, benefits, capabilities, limitations, and components) and confusion (i.e., multiple systems that have similar but not identical functions with different names) concerning the vehicle technology still prevails and thus, limiting the safety potential. The usual sources (such as the owner’s manual, instructions from a sales representative, online forums, and post-purchase training) do not provide adequate and sustainable knowledge to drivers concerning ADAS. Additionally, existing driving training and examinations focus mainly on unassisted driving and are practically unchanged for 30 years. Therefore, where and how drivers should obtain the necessary skills and knowledge for safely and effectively using ADAS? The proposed KIEM project AMIGO aims to create a training framework for learner drivers by combining classroom, online/virtual, and on-the-road training modules for imparting adequate knowledge and skills (such as risk assessment, handling in safety-critical and take-over transitions, and self-evaluation). AMIGO will also develop an assessment procedure to evaluate the impact of ADAS training on drivers’ skills and knowledge by defining key performance indicators (KPIs) using in-vehicle data, eye-tracking data, and subjective measures. For practical reasons, AMIGO will focus on either lane-keeping assistance (LKA) or adaptive cruise control (ACC) for framework development and testing, depending on the system availability. The insights obtained from this project will serve as a foundation for a subsequent research project, which will expand the AMIGO framework to other ADAS systems (e.g., mandatory ADAS systems in new cars from 2020 onwards) and specific driver target groups, such as the elderly and novice.
