Dit boekje bevat de samenvatting van onderzoek dat is uitgevoerd binnen het project Recycling in Ontwerp (RiO). Op overzichtelijke wijze wordt inzicht gegeven in de verschillende uitkomsten van de onderzoeken binnen het thema recycling in ontwerp. Onderwerp van studie zijn onder andere de eigenschappen van gerecycled materiaal, het uitvoeren van levenscyclus analyses (LCA 's) en de acceptatie van gerecyclede materialen in een product. De verschillende onderzoeken zijn voornamelijk uitgevoerd door studenten van Windesheim en Saxion, in opdracht van bedrijven en onder begeleiding van docenten en onderzoekers. Gedetailleerde informatie kunt u vinden op de website van het project: recyclinginontwerp.com
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This paper describes a concept where products are equipped with agents that will assist in recycling and repairing the product. These so-called product agents represent the product in cyberspace and are capable to negotiate with other products in case of recycling or repair. Some product agents of broken products will offer spare parts, other agents will look for spare parts to repair a broken product. On the average this will enlarge the lifetime of a product and in some cases prevent wasting resources. Apart from reuse of spare parts these agents will also help to locate rare elements in a device, so these elements can be recycled more easily.
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Circularity and recycling are gaining increased attention, yet the amount of recycled plastic applied in new products remains low. To accelerate its uptake by businesses, it will be useful to empirically investigate the barriers, enablers, needs and, ultimately, requirements to increase uptake of recycled plastic feedstock for the production of new plastic products. During the six focus group sessions we conducted, a value chain approach was used to map the factors that actors face regarding the implementation of recycled materials. The identified factors were structured based on three levels: determining whether a certain factor acted as a barrier or enabler, identifying the steps in the value chain that the factor directly affected and the category it could be subdivided into. The results were then further processed by translating the (rather abstract) needs of businesses into (specific) requirements from industry. This study presented eight business requirements that require actions from other actors in the value chain: design for recycling, optimised waste processing, standardisation, material knowledge, showing possibilities, information and education, cooperation, and regulation and government intervention. The main scientific contributions were the value chain perspective and the applied relevance of the findings. Future studies may delve deeper into the individual factors identified.
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This text draws on a recent work experience at the WEEE recycling centre in Apeldoorn, the Netherlands, during which I wrote a series of auto-ethnographic texts. Through a performative of framing recycling work, I attempt to gain insight into the way we relate to the electronic waste we produce. I apply media-archaeological concepts to some of the work experiences I wrote about and address my findings in ecological terms.
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Our current take-make-dispose economic model faces a vital challenge as it extracts resources from the natural environment at faster rates than that the natural environment can replenish. A circular economy where businesses lower their negative impact on the natural environment by transitioning towards recycling business models (RBMs), one of the four principles of circularity, is suggested as a promising solution. For a RBM to become viable, collaboration among several stakeholders and across several industries is required. In addition, the RBM should be scalable to make a positive impact. Hence, developing RBMs is complex as organizations need to consider multiple principles imposed by the recycling, collaborative, and scalability dimensions of these business models (BMs). In addition, these principles often remain general and not actionable to the practitioners. Therefore, in this study, we researched the practical guidelines for viable RBMs that are also collaborative and scalable. The empirical setting is the reuse of textile fibers to develop biocomposite products. We studied three cases using a research-through-design approach. We contribute to the literature on RBMs by showing the six minimum practical guidelines for recyclability, collaboration, and scalability. We draw implications for within sector collaborations and advance the thought that lease constructs challenge the scalability of RBM.
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Catalytic pyrolysis of crude glycerol over a shaped H-ZSM-5 zeolite catalyst with (partial) recycling of the product oil was studied with the incentive to improve benzene, toluene, and xylene (BTX) yields. Recycling of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) fraction, after separation from BTX by distillation and co-feeding with the crude glycerol feed, was shown to have a positive effect on the BTX yield. Further improvements were achieved by hydrogenation of the PAH fraction using a Ru/C catalyst and hydrogen gas prior to co-pyrolysis, and BTX yields up to 16 wt% on feed were obtained. The concept was also shown to be beneficial to other biomass feeds such as e.g., Kraft lignin, cellulose, and Jatropha oil.
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De hogescholen Saxion in Enschede en Windesheim in Zwolle organiseerden op 15 oktober 2013 een congres over recycling voor ontwerpers en ondernemers. Belangrijkste conclusie: gerecycled materiaal is prima bruikbaar bij nieuwe ontwerpen. Artikel verschenen in het vakblad Product van november 2013
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For the recycling of carpet and artificial turf the latex backing is often a real stumble block. Many strategies have been developed like freezing the carpet, followed by grinding and subsequent separation of the milled particles. Once it has been separated from its backing materials, PA 6 is relatively easy to depolymerise. This produces fresh caprolactam that can be used to manufacture PA 6 with no loss in quality, and is suitable for further recycling [1]. The comparable process for PA 6,6 is not as easy, but DuPont and Polyamid 2000 have developed and patented a process that depolymerises any mixture of PA 6 and 6,6 using ammonia. The result is fresh caprolactam and 1,6 diaminohexane for manufacture of PA 6 and 6,6 respectively [2]. Obviously a lot of research has been devoted to avoiding latex as a backing like e.g. polyurethane carpet backing systems based on natural oil polyols and polymer polyols [4]. Still carboxylated styrene butadiene is the leading synthetic latex polymer used in EU-27 for carpet backing, followed by styrene-acrylics and pure acrylics. This contrasts with Eastern Europe, Russia, and Turkey where styrene-acrylics dominate, followed by PVAc and redispersible powders [3]. In addition there has been a lot of research into developing alternative backing systems where the backing can easily be removed. Examples are the use of gecko technology [5] or using click chemistry (reversible Diels Alder reactions) [6]. But the best option for recycling is of course to develop carpets based completely on monomaterials. Paper for the 14th Autex World Textile Conference May 26th-28th 2014, Bursa, Turkey.
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Een circulair bedrijfsmodel vraagt veelal om een andere financieringsconstructie. Zo hebben producten die worden hergebruikt of op hoogwaardige wijze worden gerecycled altijd een financiële restwaarde. Deze dient inzichtelijk te zijn en afgestemd te worden met de verschillende ketenpartners en met financiers. De financieringsbehoefte van een onderneming verandert ook als een bedrijf ervoor kiest om producten niet te verkopen, maar via een overeenkomst beschikbaar te stellen aan gebruikers. Dit onderzoek richt zich op de volgende praktijkvragen: 1. Hoe kunnen we de financiële (rest)waardes van onze producten bepalen en verbinden aan zakelijke afspraken over hergebruik en recycling? 2. Hoe kunnen we financiële contracten opstellen met ketenpartners waardoor gebruikers worden gefaciliteerd en gestimuleerd om producten opnieuw te gebruiken en te recyclen? 3. Hoe kunnen we financiering aantrekken en wat betekent dit voor onze onderneming en samenwerking binnen de logistieke keten? In september 2017 is een groep van onderzoekers van de hogescholen Windesheim en NHL Stenden in samenwerking met de Universiteit van Aruba en Circle Economy begonnen aan dit grootschalige onderzoeksproject. Het onderzoeksproject is een vorm van co-creatie waarbij er geleerd wordt van en met bedrijven. Dit onderzoeksrapport doet verslag van de dataverzameling, interpretatie en aanbevelingen. We beginnen met een inleiding vanuit de theoretische rationale, leidende tot de onderzoeksvragen. Hoofdstuk twee beschrijft de bestaande kennis binnen het domein vanuit de literatuur. Aansluitend is hoofdstuk drie gewijd aan de methodologie. De bevindingen zijn te lezen in hoofdstuk vier en worden besproken in hoofdstuk vijf. Het afsluitende hoofdstuk trekt conclusies en stelt aanbevelingen.
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Positioning paper bij de inauguratie van Vincent Voet als lector Circular Plastics.
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