The purpose of this paper is to clarify the concept of open innovation and to develop insights on how Open Innovation can benefit young entrepreneurs who are in the process of creating their own start-up company. It discusses the reasons and motives of why young start-ups are encouraged to adopt open innovation practices. Moreover, the success factors and challenges that start-up face that implements open innovation practices are vital for all entrepreneurs to study as via open innovation start-ups can overcome the initial barriers that most start-ups face. This paper focusses on different dimensions of open innovation for young entrepreneurs – Start-ups and Open Innovation, Antecedents of Open Innovation, Success Factors and Challenges - and serves as an information guiding tool for young entrepreneurs to understand various notions of open innovation so they can adapt their business before an open innovation practice can be successfully implemented.
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This article illustrates the ‘visual turn’ approach to sports history in an analysisof traditionally under-researched material from the late nineteenth century. Focusing on football (‘soccer’) action photography, we argue that interpreting this visual material contributes significantly to the exploration and interpretation of the broader social and cultural context within which sports were practised andthe visual material was produced. Regarding the latter, the photographer’s challenge was to capture the movement inherent in the practice of sports generally and of football specifically. Our analysis explains the time at which these pictures first appear as a consequence of developing possibilities and skills in ongoing photographic experimentation. This is illustrated by a case study of a football action photograph from the archives of the Noorthey Institute for boys in Voorschoten, dating from 1895-1897. There, conducting sports was seen as a way of enhancing the students’ physical and mental strengths, including improved study performance. It took place in an atmosphere of camaraderie among teachers and students, the latter acting as supervisors and teammates at the same time. Beyond the texts, the photographs visualize what this educational approach entailed in actual practice
Deze rapportage is onderdeel van het LEVV-LOGIC project (2016-2018) waarinonderzoek gedaan wordt naar de inzet van lichte elektrische vrachtvoertuigen (LEVVs) voor stadslogistiek. Steeds meerbedrijven wilLEVVsontwikkelen of gebruiken voor het vervoer van goederen in steden. Echter, ditgaat gepaard met onzekerheid, onder andere door een gebrek aan eenduidig mobiliteitsbeleid omtrent de voertuigen. De voertuigen vallen momenteel vaak buitenfiets-, elektrisch vervoer-en goederenvervoerbeleid. Doel van deze rapportage is enerzijds om bedrijven te informeren over huidige en aankomende gemeentelijke beleidsmaatregelen die van invloed zijn op de inzet van LEVVsen anderzijds om gemeenten te motiveren via mobiliteitsbeleid in te spelen op de ontwikkelingenmet LEVVs.---This report is part of the LEVV-LOGIC project (2016-2018) which exploresthe use of light electric freight vehicles (LEFV) for city logistics. An increasing number of organisations wantsto develop oruse LEFVs for freight distribution in cities. However, thisis associated with uncertainty, as there areno clear mobility policiesfor thesevehicles. The vehicles are not explicitly part of local or national cycle-, electric transport-or freight policies. The aim of this report is first, to inform companies about current and future policy measures that influence the use of LEFVs and second, to encourage policy makers to respond to the development of LEFVs.
