The results of this study indicate that whole body metabolic and cardiovascular responses to 140 min of either steady state or variable intensity exercise at the same average intensity are similar, despite differences in skeletal muscle carbohydrate metabolism and recruitment
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Insulin sensitivity and metabolic flexibility decrease in response to bed rest, but the temporal and causal adaptations in human skeletal muscle metabolism are not fully defined. Here, we use an integrative approach to assess human skeletal muscle metabolism during bed rest and provide a multi-system analysis of how skeletal muscle and the circulatory system adapt to short- and long-term bed rest (German Clinical Trials: DRKS00015677). We uncover that intracellular glycogen accumulation after short-term bed rest accompanies a rapid reduction in systemic insulin sensitivity and less GLUT4 localization at the muscle cell membrane, preventing further intracellular glycogen deposition after long-term bed rest. We provide evidence of a temporal link between the accumulation of intracellular triglycerides, lipotoxic ceramides, and sphingomyelins and an altered skeletal muscle mitochondrial structure and function after long-term bed rest. An intracellular nutrient overload therefore represents a crucial determinant for rapid skeletal muscle insulin insensitivity and mitochondrial alterations after prolonged bed rest.
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This paper descibes a study that shows that glycogen-lowering exercise, performed the evening before an exercise bout in combination with glycogen restriction leads to a reduction of the oxidation rate of ingested glucose during moderate-intensity exercise
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Using stable isotope techniques, this study shows that plasma free fatty acid oxidation is not impaired during exercise in non-obese type II diabetic patients.
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Exercise is one of the external factors associated with impairment of intestinal integrity, possibly leading to increased permeability and altered absorption. Here, we aimed to examine to what extent endurance exercise in the glycogen‐depleted state can affect intestinal permeability toward small molecules and protein‐derived peptides in relation to markers of intestinal function. Eleven well‐trained male volunteers (27 ± 4 years) ingested 40 g of casein protein and a lactulose/rhamnose (L/R) solution after an overnight fast in resting conditions (control) and after completing a dual – glycogen depletion and endurance – exercise protocol (first protocol execution). The entire procedure was repeated 1 week later (second protocol execution). Intestinal permeability was measured as L/R ratio in 5 h urine and 1 h plasma. Five‐hour urine excretion of betacasomorphin‐7 (BCM7), postprandial plasma amino acid levels, plasma fatty acid binding protein 2 (FABP‐2), serum pre‐haptoglobin 2 (preHP2), plasma glucagon‐like peptide 2 (GLP2), serum calprotectin, and dipeptidylpeptidase‐4 (DPP4) activity were studied as markers for excretion, intestinal functioning and recovery, inflammation, and BCM7 breakdown activity, respectively. BCM7 levels in urine were increased following the dual exercise protocol, in the first as well as the second protocol execution, whereas 1 h‐plasma L/R ratio was increased only following the first exercise protocol execution. FABP2, preHP2, and GLP2 were not changed after exercise, whereas calprotectin increased. Plasma citrulline levels following casein ingestion (iAUC) did not increase after exercise, as opposed to resting conditions. Endurance exercise in the glycogen depleted state resulted in a clear increase of BCM7 accumulation in urine, independent of DPP4 activity and intestinal permeability. Therefore, strenuous exercise could have an effect on the amount of food‐derived bioactive peptides crossing the epithelial barrier. The health consequence of increased passage needs more in depth studies.
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Immunofluorescence microscopy in this study shows that GLUT-4 protein expression is fibre-type specific within a muscle. It is postulated that both fibre-type-dependent and fibre-type-independent factors affect GLUT-4 expression.
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Objective: To determine content validity of the Muscle Power Sprint Test (MPST) and construct validity and reliability of the MPST, 10x5 Meter Sprint Test (10x5MST), slalom test and one stroke push test (1SPT) in wheelchair-using youth with spina bifida (SB). Design: Clinimetric study Setting: Rehabilitation centers, SB outpatient services, private practices Participants: A convenience sample of 53 children (5-19 years, 32 boys / 21 girls) with SB who use a manual wheelchair. Participants were recruited in the Netherlands through rehabilitation centers, SB outpatient services, pediatric physical therapists and the BOSK (Association of and by parents of children, adolescents and adults with a disability). Interventions: Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures: Construct validity of the the MPST was determined by comparing results with the arm-cranking Wingate Anaerobic test (WAnT) using paired t-tests and Pearson Correlation Coefficients, while content validity was assessed using time based criteria for anaerobic testing . Construct validity of the 10x5MST, slalom test and 1SPT was analyzed by hypothesis testing using Pearson Correlation Coefficients and Multiple Regression. For reliability, Intra Class Correlation coefficients (ICC) and smallest detectable changes (SDC) were calculated. Results: For the MPST, mean exercise time of four sprints was 28.1 sec. (±6.6 sec.). Correlations between the MPST and WAnT were high (r>0.72, p<0.01). Excellent correlations were found between the 10x5MST and slalom test (r=0.93, p<0.01), while correlations between the10x5MST or slalom test and MPST and 1SPT were moderate (r=-0.56- -0.70; r=0.56, p<0.01). The 1SPT was explained for 38% by wheelchair mass (Beta -0.489) and total upper muscle strength (Beta 0.420). All ICCs were excellent (ICC>0.95) but the SDCs varied widely. Conclusions: The MPST, 10x5MST and slalom test are valid and reliable tests in wheelchair-using youth with SB for measuring respectively anaerobic performance or agility. For the 1SPT, both validity and reliability are questionable.
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Purpose of reviewTo help guide metabolic support in critical care, an understanding of patients’ nutritional status and risk is important. Several methods to monitor lean body mass are increasingly used in the ICU and knowledge about their advantages and limitations is essential.Recent findingsComputed tomography scan analysis, musculoskeletal ultrasound, and bioelectrical impedance analysis are emerging as powerful clinical tools to monitor lean body mass during ICU stay. Accuracy, expertise, ease of use at the bedside, and costs are important factors, which play a role in determining, which method is most suitable. Exciting new research provides an insight into not only quantitative measurements, but also qualitative measurements of lean body mass, such as infiltration of adipose tissue and intramuscular glycogen storage.SummaryMethods to monitor lean body mass in the ICU are under constant development, improving upon bedside usability and offering new modalities to measure. This provides clinicians with valuable markers with which to identify patients at high nutritional risk and to evaluate metabolic support during critical illness.
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This research article shows that a high intensity exercise program compared to a low intensity exercise program of the same session duration and frequency, increases insulin sensitivity to a larger extend in healthy subjects. It also shows that the short insulin tolerance test can be used to detect differences in insulin sensitivity in intervention studies.
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Talloze studies tonen aan dat een fysiek actieve leefstijl bloeddruk, cholesterol en gewicht verlaagt, botten en spieren versterkt en het risico van hart- en vaatziekten, darmkanker en diabetes type II vermindert. Bewegen kan dus worden gezien als een medicijn wat voor iedereen toegankelijk is.
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